报馆言论、政党宣传与反侵略的武器——近代中国新闻政策观念的型构与流变(1840-1949)

Press Advocacy,Party Publicity,and Weapons for Resisting Aggression:The Formation and Transformation of Press Policy Concept in Modern China(1840-1949)

晚清时期,文人论政是中国新闻业的特色,形成了以论政为本位的新闻政策观。民国时期新闻政策观呈现三足鼎立局面:随着中国新闻业摆脱文人论政走向“新闻本位”时代,形成以新闻为本位的新闻政策观;政党政治的成熟使新闻政策成为政党“宣传主义、阐释政策”的工具,形成以政党为本位的新闻政策观;在帝国主义大肆侵略中国的背景下,新闻政策被看作维护国家和民族利益的“反侵略的武器”,形成以民族国家为本位的新闻政策观。从晚清到民国,近代新闻政策逐渐实现了自身的现代化转型。

The concept of“press policy”has been constantly changing in modern times.According to his-torical records,the term“press policy”was first used in a public telegram of the Military Government Gazette in 1911 to express the meaning of using the press policy to“divide and disinform”.During the Republic of Chi-na,the concept of press policy presented a tripod complexion:Firstly,as Chinese journalism moved from“be-ing the front where literati discuss politics”to the era of“being news-based”,Xu Baohuang and others in the news industry deemed press policy as“the advocacy of new-based paper,the plans,goals,objectives and guidelines of newspaper agencies and journalism”.Secondly,the increasingly mature party politics has made press policy a tool for political parties to“spread isms and explain policies”.Thirdly,when imperialist powers used press policy as a weapon of"soft aggression",press policy was seen in China as a tool for defending na-tional interests through a news landscape of“one nation,one will,one opinion,”and as a“weapon against ag-gression”.On the whole,from the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China,press policy in modern times has gradually moved towards a concept with modern meanings.