长期秸秆还田配施有机肥对土壤有机碳组分和孔隙结构的影响

Effects of the long-term application of organic fertilization and straw returning on the components of soil organic carbon and pores

为探明长期施用有机肥和秸秆还田对土壤孔隙结构的影响,以及土壤有机碳与土壤孔隙结构之间的关系。该研究基于山西省运城市水头试验基地开展的16 a田间定位试验,设置单施化肥(F)、有机肥+化肥(MF)、秸秆还田+化肥(SF)以及有机肥+秸秆还田+化肥(MSF)4个处理,分别对土壤孔隙结构、有机碳和其物理组分、土壤有机碳分子结构进行定量分析。结果表明:与F处理相比,其余有机物料处理均提高了土壤总孔隙度和>0.50 mm孔径的孔隙度(P<0.05),以MSF处理最高。MF和MSF处理的0.20~0.50 mm孔径的孔隙度显著高于F处理(P<0.05);对于0.06~0.20 mm孔径的孔隙度,各处理间无显著差异(P>0.05);并且与F处理相比,MSF处理显著提高了土壤孔隙的连通性和复杂程度(P<0.05)。与F处理相比,有机肥和秸秆还田处理提高了土壤总有机碳、游离态颗粒态有机碳、闭蓄态颗粒有机碳以及矿物质结合态有机碳的含量,并有利于多糖和脂类有机碳的累积,其中均以MSF处理最高。相关分析表明,土壤总孔隙度、>0.50 mm孔径的孔隙度、孔隙的连通性和复杂程度与土壤总有机碳和各有机碳组分含量以及多糖和脂肪类有机碳呈显著的正相关关系(P<0.05)。可见,秸秆还田配施有机肥提高了土壤有机碳含量,有利于脂肪和多糖类有机碳的累积,能够促进土壤孔隙形成,改善孔隙结构。

Soil pores are dominated in various soil functions,including water infiltration and retention,soil permeability,nutrient availability,as well as aeration and mechanical impedance to root elongation.The dynamic behavior of soil pores is primarily influenced by tillage practices,the presence of crop roots,and the return of soil organic matter.In this research,a systematic investigation was implemented to explore the impacts of the long-term application of organic fertilizers and straw on the soil pore structure.An analysis was also made to elucidate the relationship between soil organic carbon and soil pore structure.The data was collected from a 16-year long-term field experiment located in Shui Tou agricultural experimental base,Shanxi Agricultural University(Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences),Yuncheng,Shanxi Province.Four treatments were set as sole chemical fertilizer(F),organic fertilizer+chemical fertilizer(MF),straw returning+chemical fertilizer(SF),and organic fertilizer+straw returning+chemical fertilizer(MSF).The soil pore structure was examined using X-ray computed tomography(CT)and advanced image processing.While the soil organic carbon was assessed to determine the physical fraction contents(free particulate organic matter(FPOM),occluded particulate organic matter(OPOM),and mineral-associated organic matter(MOM)).Additionally,the structural properties of the organic carbon were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy.The results indicated that all organic amendment treatments significantly enhanced the total porosity and porosity of>0.5 mm aperture,compared with the F treatment(P<0.05).the MSF treatment exhibited the highest values.Additionally,the porosity ranging from 0.5 to 0.2 mm in the MF and MSF treatments was significantly higher than that in the F treatment(P<0.05).However,there was no significant difference in porosity ranging from 0.2 to 0.06 mm among all treatments.Furthermore,MSF treatment significantly enhanced the connectivity and complexity of soil pores,with increases of 33.2%and 17.9%,respectively,compared with the F treatment (P<0.05).The organic fertilizer and straw returning treatments(SF,MF,and MSF)achieved a significant increase(P<0.05)in the contents of total soil organic carbon,FPOM,OPOM,and MOM.MSF also exhibited the highest values among these treatments,with concentrations of 21.5,7.1,4.2,and 10.2 g/kg,respectively.The long-term straw incorporation and the application of organic fertilizers(MSF)were performed better to accumulate the polysaccharide and lipid organic carbon in the soil,while concurrently reducing the content of aromatic organic carbon.The Pearson correlation analysis revealed that there was a positive and significant relationship between soil total porosity,porosity of>0.5 mm aperture,as well as the connectivity and complexity of soil pores with the contents of total soil organic carbon,FPOM,OPOM,MOM,and polysaccharide and lipid organic carbon(P<0.05).These findings suggested that the application of organic fertilizer and straw incorporation enhanced the content of soil organic carbon to accumulate the polysaccharide and lipid organic carbon,which facilitated the formation and modification of soil pores.Consequently,the enhanced physical properties of the soil were attributed to the regulation of soil structure by the organic amendment.An optimal distribution of soil pores was achieved to increase the soil complexity and pore connectivity.Accordingly,the organic amendment can be an effective strategy to optimize the soil pore structure.Future studies should also examine the response of soil pore structure and pore size distribution to the decomposition of incorporated organic manure.