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周初“天命论”之建构

The Construction of the Concept of the Mandate of Heaven during the Early Zhou Dynasty
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摘要 周初“天命论”作为其政权合法性的终极依据,是在殷末宗教困境和信仰危机的具体情势下,充分利用旧有神灵体系和信仰结构进行的一场尊古改制的宗教变革运动。以“惭德”形式展现的政权合法性诉求,是周初“天命论”建构的最初源动力,“天命”与“王权”的关联是周初“天命论”建构的逻辑起点,而民众对“皇天上帝”的信仰则是其现实有效的基本前提。因此,在“君权神授”政治传统的基础上,周人一方面以“天”代“帝”,使“天”位于“帝”之上,另一方面又将“皇天上帝”并称而皆作为至上神的指称,由此实现了“天”与“帝”的相融相分。这不仅唤起了民众的信仰,重新确立了“天命”本身的权威性、可信性,而且创立了独具特色的、具体与抽象相统一的、混言无别而析言有异的“天”“帝”二维一体至上神信仰结构。 The"Mandate of Heaven Theory"in the early Zhou Dynasty served as the ultimate basis for the legitimacy of its regime.It emerged in the context of the religious dilemmas and crises of faith at the end of the Shang Dynasty,utilizing the existing deity system and belief structures to initiate a religious reform movement that respected ancient traditions.The political legitimacy expressed in the form of"moral shame"was the initial driving force behind the construction of the"Mandate of Heaven"in early Zhou.The relationship between"Heavenly Mandate"and"royal authority"serves as the logical starting point for the construction of the"Mandate of Heaven Theory"in the early Zhou Dynasty,while the people's faith in"supreme ruler of heaven"constituted its practically effective foundation.Thus,based on the political tradition of"divine rule of kings,"the Zhou people replaced"ruler"with"Heaven",positioning"Heaven"above"ruler".Simultaneously,they referred to both"Heaven"and"ruler"as supreme deities,thereby achieving a synthesis and differentiation between"Heaven"and"ruler".This not only awakened public faith and reestablished the authority and credibility of the"Mandate of Heaven",but also created a unique belief structure that unified the concrete and abstract,blending indistinctly yet distinguishing between"Heaven"and"ruler".
作者 刘光洁 Liu Guangjie(Institute for Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences,Chongqing University,Chongqing 400044,China)
出处 《东方论坛—青岛大学学报(社会科学版)》 2024年第6期34-44,共11页 Eastern Forum(JOURNAL OF QINGDAO UNIVERSITY)
基金 国家社会科学基金西部项目“史书中帝王降生神异叙事研究”(17XZS013)的阶段性成果。
关键词 天命 王权合法性 惭德 皇天上帝 Mandate of Heaven kingship legitimacy moral shame supreme ruler of heaven

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