悲观抑或忧郁?--青年叔本华《旅行日记》的哲学发生学解读

Pessimistic or Melancholy?--A Philosophical Genesis Interpretation of Young Schopenhauer’s Reisetagebücher

对叔本华早年《旅行日记》的流行解读认为,在旅途中的苦难见闻引发了他强烈的悲观情绪,因此《旅行日记》是其悲观主义思想的源头。然而,这种“悲观情绪论”的解读值得商榷。首先,旅行是对“世界之书”的阅读,这种直观世界的经验所带来的是“持续的精神愉悦”,而非悲观情绪;其次,叔本华明确反对“悲观”,并自称“忧郁”,后者是由于旅行之后的其父自杀事件(1805年),而非旅途中的苦难见闻;最后,死亡问题所引发的“忧郁”并未发展为悲观心理主义的“抑郁”。相反,在青年叔本华对山巅体验的生存论阐释中,这种“忧郁”作为一种站立于山巅把人间视为泪谷的形而上学目光,呈现为一种具有哲学反思性的、内含希望维度的“天才的忧郁”。

The popular interpretation of Schopenhauer’s Reisetagebücher(1800,1803-1804)suggests that the suffering witnessed by young Schopenhauer during the journey elicited intense pessimistic emotions,and the Reisetagebücher is therefore seen as the source of a pessimistic worldview?However,the text of the Reisetagebücher and Schopenhauer’s Academic CV does not support this interpretation?Firstly,the journey,as a reading of the“book of the world”,is rich in content and an intuitive experience of the world that produces“continuous spiritual pleasure”rather than pessimistic emotions?Secondly,Schopenhauer explicitly rejected the label“pessimism”and used only the term“melancholy”?Even for the latter,Schopenhauer explained that it was not due to the suffering he witnessed during the journey but to a death event after the journey:the suicide of his father in 1805?Finally,the melancholy did not develop into a pessimistic and negative depression?On the contrary,this melancholy is presented as“genius melancholy”by young Schopenhauer’s existential interpretation of mountaintop experiences as a response to the“metaphysical need”caused by death?By revealing a genius melancholy with philosophical reflection and hope,this article revolves around the origin of Schopenhauer’s philosophy and corrects the misreading of the pessimistic interpretation?