鹤壁集窑宋金粗白瓷的烧制工艺与成分研究

Study on the Firing Process and Composition of Coarse White Porcelain From the Hebi Ji Kiln During the Song and Jin Dynasties

鹤壁集窑作为北方中原地区著名的民间窑场,其生产规模宏大,种类繁多,工艺精湛,以白釉瓷器为主,同时也生产黑釉、钧釉、黄釉、豆青釉等多种釉色瓷器。通过质子激发X射线荧光分析(PIXE)、偏光显微镜(OM)、分光光度计(UV-Vis-NIR)和热膨胀仪(TD)等技术,对鹤壁集窑宋代粗白瓷、刻划花粗白瓷以及金代粗白瓷的胎釉化学成分、微观结构、反射光谱等进行了测试和分析。研究结果显示,鹤壁集窑三类粗白瓷中大多数呈现微弱的黄绿色调,并以黄色调为主,大部分样品的反射率分布在43.4R%~57.2R%,釉面明度值L*普遍偏高,分布在72.3~90.3。宋金时期粗白瓷的釉料配方比较稳定,其中金代和宋代粗白瓷的釉料配方基本一致,刻划花白瓷釉中除了助熔剂总量相对另外两类偏低外,其余化学成分基本相同。三类粗白瓷釉都属于钙碱釉系,并且釉层与胎体之间都存在厚度不同的化妆土层。三类粗白瓷胎体都具有北方高铝低硅的特征,金代粗白瓷胎中助熔剂含量略低于宋代的两类粗白瓷,原料特征相近。宋代粗白瓷的烧成温度普遍较高,其中粗白瓷的主要集中在1250~1340℃,刻划花的在1310~1390℃,这两种样品都存在“生烧”和“过烧”两种状态,胎体致密性普遍较好;而金代粗白瓷的烧成温度较低,范围在1220~1250℃,普遍处于“生烧”状态,烧结程度较差。鹤壁集窑金代粗白瓷与宋代粗白瓷相比它的制瓷工艺有所下降。该研究全面分析了鹤壁集窑粗白瓷的工艺特征与发展趋势,对于认识其与其他窑口的关系具有重要价值,为未来进一步弄清楚它与其他窑口的关系奠定了科学基础。

As a famous folk kiln in the northern central plains,the Hebi Ji kiln had a grand production scale,a wide variety of types,and exquisite craftsmanship,with white-glazed porcelain as its main production.Also,it produced a variety of glazed porcelains,such as black-glazed,Jun-glazed,yellow-glazed,and bean-glazed porcelains.In this study,the chemical compositions,microstructures,and reflectance spectra of the body glaze of Song Dynasty coarse white porcelain,incised flower coarse white porcelain,and Jin Dynasty coarse white porcelain from the Hebi Ji kiln were tested and analyzed using the techniques of proton-excited X-ray fluorescence(PIXE),polarized light microscopy(OM),spectrophotometer(UV-Vis-NIR)and thermal expansion meter(TD).The results of the study show that most of the three types of coarse white porcelain in the Hebi ji kiln show a faint yellow-green hue and are dominated by a yellow hue,with the reflectance of most of the samples distributed in the range of 43.4R%~57.2R%,and the glaze brightness value L*is generally high,distributed in the range of 72.3~90.3.Song and Jin dynasties'coarse white porcelain glaze formula is relatively stable,of which the Jin Dynasty and Song Dynasty coarse white porcelain glaze formula is the same,carved flowers in the white porcelain glaze in addition to the total amount of flux relative to the other two types of low,the rest of the chemical composition is the same.Three types of coarse white porcelain glaze belong to the calcium alkali glaze system,and the glaze layer and the body between the existence of varying thicknesses of the cosmetic clay layer.Three coarse white porcelain carcass types have northern high alumina and low silicon characteristics;the Jin Dynasty coarse white porcelain carcass flux content is slightly lower than that of the two types of coarse white porcelain in the Song Dynasty,and the raw material characteristics are similar.During the Song Dynasty,the firing temperatures of coarse white porcelain were generally higher.Specifically,the firing temperatures for standard coarse white porcelain ranged from 1250~1340℃,while the carved coarse white porcelain was fired at temperatures between 1310 and 1390℃.Both types exhibited states of“the raw firing”and“the over firing”with generally good body density.In contrast,the firing temperatures for coarse white porcelain during the Jin Dynasty were lower,ranging from 1220~1250℃.These pieces were mostly in a"raw firing"state,resulting in poorer sintering.Hebi Ji kiln Jin dynasty coarse white porcelain and Song dynasty coarse white porcelain compared porcelain production process has declined.This study comprehensively analyses the process characteristics and development trends of the coarse white porcelain of the Hebi Ji kiln,which is of great value in understanding its relationship with other kilns and lays a scientific foundation for further future clarification of its relationship with other kilns.