唐宋肖像与延生观念——宋代的寿藏与多元交叠的“寿星”形象

Portraits and the Concept of Longevity in the Tang and Song Dynasties:Graves Prepared Before Death and Diversified Images of the"God of Longevity"in the Song Dynasty

肖像绘塑是唐宋时期普遍存在的美术现象,尤其是生人的肖像在各种礼仪、宗教场合中承担着重要的功能,形成一种跨越空间和媒介的存在。本文由宋代寿星图像与祝寿习俗入手,讨论士大夫阶层模拟寿星代入自身形象,用以表达对长寿的期待和祝福的新风尚,进而通过宋墓中的“寿星”(寿主)形象寿藏空间的独特视觉呈现,进而指出寿藏作为一个永久供奉的享堂,也作为一个祈求延生长寿的特殊空间,肖像和代表延生观念的寿星,在多种信仰的共同作用下,为墓葬空间赋予了新的意义。

Creating portraits was common during the Tang and Song Dynasties.In particular,portraits of living people played an important role in various rituals and religious occasions,transcending space and media.This article starts with images of the God of Longevity and customs of celebrating birthdays during the Song Dynasty,and discusses the new trend back then of scholars imagining themselves as the God of Longevity to express their expectations and blessings for longevity.Besides,the unique visual images of the"God of Longevity"(the Lord of Longevity)in graves prepared before death in the Song Dynasty shows that these graves were a permanent sacrificial hall for worshiping and a special place for praying for longevity,and that portraits and the God of Longevity that represented longevity brought new meaning to tombs under the influence of multiple beliefs.