雍乾之际黔东南苗寨的田土问题

Analysis on the Land of Miao Villages during the Yongzheng and Qianlong Periods

由于土地清丈的缺失,有关清前期黔东南地区农业生产力和生产关系发展的直接历史证据较少。本文根据散记于《南征日记》中对雍乾之际清江南岸苗寨的记录,整理出共169户苗民的家庭与田土数据,结合地方文献推算户均土地面积,并分析土地占有和经营情况,尝试为理解清前期黔东南地区的社会经济状况提供参考。研究显示,该地区所统计田圻平均每圻约0.67亩,1亩以上的大田仅占总清查田亩数量的19%,地权相对分散;苗民以自耕农为主,户均占有田地约3亩,极少能达9亩,人均拥有粮食2.2石;生产力水平高于贵州平均水平,但受地形制约,户均、人均田亩占有较少,农业生产规模较小。

Due to the lack of land registration,there is little direct historical evidence about the development of agricultural productivity and production relations in southeast Guizhou in the early Qing period.Based on the original records of household registering in the"Southern Expedition Diary",this paper managed to build up a household-property dataset for 169 Miao families.By calculating the land size per household,we analyse the land occupation and land operation of local households,which can provide a further understanding of the socio-economic circumstances in the early Qing period.We found that the average land per sector was 0.67 mu,while"large field"over 1 mu took up 19% of the entire registering land and the land ownership is quite dispersed.The land occupation of those self-employed farmers is nearly 3 mu per household on average,very few could reach 9 mu;the per capita grain rice possession is 2.2 dan.The overall land productivity is higher than the average level of Guizhou province,but the scale of agricultural production and per household land possessions are limited by the mountain topography.