基本情绪对时距知觉的影响: 来自三水平元分析和网络元分析的证据

The influence of basic emotions on duration perception: Evidence from three-level meta-analysis and network meta-analysis

准确感知时间是人类生存的必要能力,然而人类的时距知觉具有适应性,会受诸多因素影响,从而发生扭曲。基本情绪是扭曲时距知觉的重要因素,但是以往研究存在诸多争议。为澄清该争议,本文基于情绪分类观,对基本情绪影响时距知觉的研究进行元分析。经过文献检索和筛选后,共纳入36篇文献,提供105个效应量,涉及3795名被试。三水平随机效应模型发现,基本情绪影响时距知觉的主效应显著,g=0.25,95%CI[0.13,0.36],p<0.001;对每种基本情绪进行主效应分析,结果发现高兴、恐惧和愤怒的时距知觉长于中性刺激。网络元分析发现,恐惧和愤怒的时距知觉长于悲伤情绪的时距知觉。该模式符合适应性观点,即情绪延长时距知觉是适应性的产物,对“避害”越重要的情绪,其诱发的时距知觉越长。

Time is one of the fundamental dimensions of the world.Correspondingly,duration perception is also crucial for everyday activities.However,one’s emotional state distorts duration perception.Some timing researchers assume that such distortion reflects processes that allow individuals to adaptively respond to changes in their environment.In recent decades,a large body of studies examined the effect of basic emotion on duration perception.However,the results were mixed.Specifically,although some studies supported that basic emotions(fear,anger,disgust,sadness,happiness)prolonged duration perception compared to neutral stimuli,there were also contradictory results.Furthermore,the results of the comparisons among basic emotions were more mixed.Thus,we conducted a three-level meta-analysis and network meta-analysis to investigate the effect of basic emotion on time perception and moderating factors.We conducted an exhaustive literature search using sequential strategies to locate studies that provide data on the effects of basic emotion on duration perception,the last literature update was on July 12,2024.The three-level meta-analysis was conducted using the metafor package.The procedure was as follows:we calculated the standardized mean difference(g)in duration perception between basic emotions and neutral stimuli.Then,we performed a main effect test using a three-level random-effects model,tested moderator variables using a three-level mixed-effects model,and assessed publication bias using funnel plots,two-level Egger regression,three-level Egger regression,and the trim-and-fill method.The network meta-analysis was conducted using the netmeta package.The procedure was as follows:a random-effects model was used to fit the network model,followed by ranking the duration perception of basic emotions based on p-scores and calculating the league table;finally,model inconsistency was assessed using the full design-by-treatment interaction random-effects model and node splitting method.A total of 3504 potential literature was retrieved.After screening,36 articles met the inclusion criteria for meta-analysis.The three-level random-effects model found that the duration perception of basic emotions was longer compared to neutral stimuli,g=0.24,95%CI[0.13,0.36],p<0.001.Moderation analysis revealed that the type of basic emotion,age group,and time task were significant moderator variables.Additionally,main effect analyses conducted for each basic emotion individually revealed that the duration perception of happiness,fear,and anger was longer than that of neutral stimuli.In the network meta-analysis,we included only studies that used the time bisection method and samples of early adulthood individuals.The results revealed that duration perception was longer for fear and anger than for sad emotions.Combining the three-level meta-analysis and the network meta-analysis,the following conclusions were drawn:Compared to neutral stimuli,fear,and anger emotions can consistently induce prolonged duration perception;additionally,the duration perception for fear and anger is longer than for sadness.This pattern aligns with the“adaptive”perspective,supporting the notion that the prolongation of duration perception by emotions is an adaptive outcome.The more important an emotion is for“harm avoidance,”the longer the duration of perception it induces.