学习判断对虚假记忆的反应性效应

Reactivity effect of judgments of learning on false memory

基于DRM范式,本研究开展3个实验考察学习判断(JOL)对虚假记忆的反应性影响,并检验项目自身与关系理论。结果发现:(1)相比于no-JOL条件,逐项JOL促进已学词语的真实记忆,但同时破坏项目间语义关系加工,进而降低虚假记忆(实验1);(2)在操控JOL类型和词列呈现方式后,整体JOL促进项目自身加工和项目内语义关系加工(实验2),但破坏项目间语义关系加工(实验3)。上述结果表明,真实和虚假记忆的反应性效应存在双分离现象,研究结果支持项目自身与关系理论对反应性效应的解释,并揭示出不同记忆成分反应性效应的内在机制存在差异。研究结果有望为降低虚假记忆提供科学参考。

Judgments of learning(JOLs)refer to learners'predictive evaluations of the likelihood that they will successfully remember a given item in a future test.Previous studies have primarily focused on examining the accuracy of JOLs and elucidating the mechanisms underlying JOL formation.However,recent studies suggest that the act of making JOLs can alter memory itself,a phenomenon known as the reactivity effect.Typically,participants made a JOL after learning each item.This metamemory monitoring process may heighten individuals'metacognitive awareness of their memory compared to conditions without JOLs,thereby triggering the reactivity effect.Zhao et al.(2023)further differentiated the reactivity effects of JOLs on item-specific memory and inter-item relational memory.They found that making JOLs can enhance item-specific memory but concurrently weaken inter-item relational memory(e.g.,memory for serial order or semantic relational information).A potential explanation for this is the item-specific and relational account,which posits that making JOLs enhances encoding of item-specific details,resulting in a positive reactivity effect.However,because cognitive resources are limited,allocating more cognitive resources to processing item-specific details reduces resources available for processing inter-item relations,leading to a negative reactivity effect on inter-item relational memory.The current study employed on the DRM paradigm to investigate the reactivity effect on false memory and to test the item-specific and relational account.Experiment 1 explored the reactivity effects of JOLs on false and veridical memory.Sixty-four participants learned DRM word lists,each containing 11 DRM study words and 1 critical lure.Critical lures were withheld during the learning phase and presented only during the recognition test.Half of the DRM word lists were studied under the JOL condition,and the remaining half were learned under the no-JOL condition.Participants were instructed to learn each DRM word individually.The key distinction between the JOL and no-JOL conditions was that,in the former,participants completed item-by-item JOLs while learning each word.After the learning task,participants completed a distractor task,followed by a recognition test.The results showed that item-by-item JOLs disrupted semantic processing among DRM words and decreased false memory(i.e.,false alarm rates for critical lures).Concurrently,item-by-item JOLs facilitated item-specific processing,yielding a positive reactivity effect on memory for studied words.Experiments 2 and 3 changed presentation format of DRM lists and asked participants to make global JOLs for a whole word list,rather than for each word,to examine the reactivity effect on both intra-and inter-item relational memory.Experiment 2 used pure DRM lists,with six words from the same thematic word lists presented together.Experiment 3 employed mixed DRM lists,with each list containing six study words from different thematic word lists but with shared thematic relationships across lists.In the no-JOL condition,DRM words were not presented individually.Instead,pure(Experiment 2)or mixed word lists(Experiment 3)were simultaneously displayed on screen for a 12 s study duration per list.Participants in both experiments provided global JOLs for each list,predicting the number of words they would remember in the subsequent test.The results showed that making global JOLs facilitated processing of intra-item semantic relations but disrupted processing of inter-item semantic relations.In summary,the current study revealed that item-by-item JOLs disrupt semantic relational processing among individual DRM words,reducing false memory but promoting processing of item-specific information,thereby facilitating recognition of studied words.Additionally,global JOLs enhance intra-item semantic relational processing but impair inter-item semantic relational processing.The results support the item-specific and relational account and elucidate the cognitive mechanisms underlying the reactivity effect.Moreover,these findings offer valuable insights into the development of effective interventions for mitigating false memory.