浙江沿海山地土壤动物群落对生态恢复措施的响应

Response of soil animal community to ecological restoration measures in the coastal mountains of Zhejiang Province

土壤动物在土壤形成、有机物质分解和养分循环等方面都发挥着不可替代的作用,因而深入研究不同森林生态恢复措施对土壤动物群落结构和功能类群的影响,可为优化森林生态恢复模式提供科学依据.于2023年春季凋落物高峰期(4月中旬)、夏季(6月下旬)、秋季凋落物高峰期(11月上旬)和冬季(2024年1月上旬)先后调查了浙江东部沿海山地天然恢复植被(阔叶次生林)、人工林恢复植被(杉木+枫香混交林、毛竹林、杉木林和木荷林)和荒地的土壤动物群落.结果显示,生态恢复措施对枯枝落叶层土壤动物群落的影响更显著.其中,枯枝落叶层土壤动物密度、所有功能类群数量、多样性指数以及表土层土壤动物密度和腐食者、菌食者、杂食者数量随生态恢复措施而显著变化.同时,毛竹林和杉木+枫香混交林枯枝落叶层土壤动物密度显著高于杉木林、阔叶次生林和木荷林,但阔叶次生林表土层土壤动物密度高于其他恢复措施.其次,毛竹林和木荷林枯枝落叶层的Shannon-Wiener指数显著高于其他生态恢复措施,杉木+枫香混交林Pielou指数显著低于其他生态恢复措施.此外,枯枝落叶层腐食者以毛竹林占比最高(不同季节占比为45.4%-58.29%),植食者以木荷林占比最高(不同季节占比为9%-19%).而且,C/N、C/P是调控不同恢复措施对枯枝落叶层土壤动物群落影响的关键因子,而大气温度、土壤温度、土壤含水量和C/N则是调控表土层土壤动物群落随森林恢复措施变化的关键因子.可见,土壤动物群落的密度、多样性指数和群落组成随着不同森林恢复措施而发生变化,尤其是枯枝落叶层变化更为显著.这些结果为森林土壤动物多样性保护和山地森林生态恢复提供了理论依据.(图6表3参61)

Soil organisms play crucial roles in soil formation,organic matter decomposition,and nutrient cycling.Consequently,the effects of different forest ecological restoration measures on the structure and function of soil animal communities must be thoroughly investigated to provide a solid scientific basis for optimizing forest ecological restoration models.Soil animal communities were investigated using natural restoration measures(secondary broad-leaved forest),artificial forest restoration measures(mixed forests of Chinese fir and Chinese sweetgum,Moso bamboo forest,Chinese fir forest,and Schima superba forest),and wasteland in the eastern coastal mountains of Zhejiang Province at the peak of the Spring litter season(mid-April 2023),summer(late June 2023),autumn litter-peak season(early November 2023),and winter drought and low rainfall(early January 2024).Soil animal communities in the litter layer changed more significantly with forest ecological restoration measures.Among these,individual density,functional group number,diversity index of soil animals in the litter layer,and individual density,detritivores,fungivores,and omnivores in the topsoil varied greatly with ecological restoration measures.Meanwhile,soil animal density in the litter layer beneath the Moso bamboo forest and mixed forest of Chinese fir and Chinese sweetgum was higher than that beneath the other three forest restoration measures.However,soil animal density in the topsoil layer beneath secondary broad-leaved forests was higher than that of other ecological restoration measures.Additionally,the Shannon-Wiener diversity indices of the soil animal community in the litter layer beneath the Moso and Schima superba forests were significantly higher than those beneath the other three forests,and the Pielou evenness index of the soil animal community in the litter layer beneath the mixed forest of Chinese fir and Chinese sweetgum was significantly lower than that of other ecological restoration measures.In addition,the proportion of detritivores in the detrital food web in the litter layer was highest in the moso bamboo forest(45.4%-58.29% in different seasons),whereas the proportion of herbivores in the detrital food web was highest in the Schima superba forest(9%-19% in different seasons).Lastly,the C/N and C/P ratios were key factors explaining the effect of forest restoration measures on animal communities in the litter layer,whereas the temperature of the atmosphere and soil,soil water content,and C/N ratio were key factors explaining the changes in the animal community in the topsoil layer with forest restoration measures.In summary,the density,diversity index,and community composition of soil animal communities change with different forest restoration measures,especially the changes in the litter layer are more significant.These results provide a theoretical basis for forest soil animal diversity conservation and mountain forest ecological restoration.