“普遍智能”、劳动者“主体性”与“非物质性”——意大利自治主义“非物质劳动”概念批判性考察

General-intellect、Worker-subjectivity and Non-materiality:A Critical Study on the Concept of“Immaterial Labor”of Italian Autonomy School

在对马克思“机器论片段”进行反思和批评的基础之上,意大利自治主义者将后工业社会或“普遍智能”社会涌现的以知识和信息为基础,且具有创造性和象征性特征的实践活动冠以“非物质劳动”称谓,并视劳动者“主体性”彰显为其主要特征。然而,“非物质劳动”这一概念一直是一个非常模糊的术语,其不仅赋予劳动者“主体性”彰显过多乐观想象,淡化或遮蔽了“非物质劳动”得以生存的物质环境与条件,而且,自治主义者尝试从劳动结果界定这一概念的做法并不成功。这一切从逻辑上均始源于对“机器论片段”中有关“普遍智能”及资本主义演变趋势论述所产生的某种误读与曲解。

On the basis of reflecting and criticizing the Fragment on Machines,which is known as the Biblical Text,the Italian Autonomists branded the knowledge based,creative and symbolic practice activities emerging in the post-industrial society or universal intelligent society as Immaterial Labor and regarded the subjectivity of workers as its main characteristics.In fact,the concept of Immaterial Labor is a very vague term,which not only gives immaterial workers too much optimistic imagination of subjectivity,but also weakens or masks the material environment and material production on which Immaterial Labor lives.More importantly,the attempt of the autonomy theorists to define this concept from the perspective of labor results further increases the abstraction of Immaterial.All this logically originates from some kind of misreading of the Fragment on Machines.