“学士”“硕士”“博士”的概念史考论

An Examination of the Conceptual History of“Bachelor”,“Master”and“Doctor”

“学士”“硕士”“博士”是中国学位制度的重要概念。中国古代,“学士”与“博士”是职官“硕士”是对贤能之人的美称。清末,“学士”“硕士”“博士”作为学位概念在留洋知识分子、本土教育期刊和教会大学的共同努力下被移译进入中国。此后,“学士”“硕士”“博士”概念与“秀才”“举人”“进士”等科举概念进行了长时间的博奔。在经历逐渐规范、开始成型、最终定型三个阶段之后,“学士”“硕士”“博士”概念才逐步形成共识,最终发展成为现代意义上的学位概念。考论“学士”“硕士”“博士”的“古为今用”和“洋为中用”,透视中国近现代学位制度发展史,对理解中国学位制度和构建中国高等教育学自主知识体系具有重要意义。

“Bachelor”,“master”and“doctor”are important concepts in China's degree system.In ancient China,bachelor and doctor were official positions,and master was a beautiful name for a person of great ability.At the end of the Qing Dynasty,the concepts of bachelor,master and doctor as degrees were translated into China through the joint efforts of overseas intellectuals,local educational journals and church universities.Since then,the concepts of bachelor,master and doctor have been in a long game with the con-cepts of“Xiu Cai”,“Jiu Ren”and“Jin Shi”.After going through three stages of gradual standardization,be-ginning to take shape,and finally finalized,the concepts of bachelor,master and doctor gradually formed a consensus,and eventually developed into the modern concept of degree.It is of great significance to under-stand China's degree system and construct the independent knowledge system of Chinese higher education by examining the“ancient for modern”and“foreign for Chinese”of“bachelor”,“master”and“doctor”and from the perspective of the development history of China's modern degree system.