播期、密度和施氮量等栽培因子对紫苏产量与品质的影响

Effects of Cultivation Factors of Sowing Date,Density and Nitrogen Application Rate on Yield and Quality of Perilla frutescens

【目的】探明播期、密度和施氮量等栽培因子对油用紫苏产量与品质的影响,为紫苏高产优质栽培提供技术支撑。【方法】采用正交试验方法,研究播期(D1正季播种,3月30日;D2推迟播种,4月14日;D3提前播种,3月15日)、密度(S_(1)低密度,50025株/hm^(2);S_(2)中密度,100050株/hm^(2);S_(3)高密度,200010株/hm^(2))、施氮量(N1低氮,不施氮肥;N_(2)中氮,施尿素240 kg/hm^(2);N_(3)高氮,施尿素480 kg/hm^(2))3个栽培因子在不同水平组合条件下紫苏的物候期、农艺性状、产量和品质性状差异;以产量、含油量和α-亚麻酸含量为目标性状,利用极差分析明确各目标性状下3个栽培因子的最佳水平组合。【结果】播期与全生育期、株高、主茎节数呈极显著负相关,与含油量、蛋白质含量呈极显著正相关;种植密度与茎粗、单株穗数、单株籽粒重呈极显著负相关,与株高呈显著负相关;施氮量与产量呈显著正相关。以产量为评价标准时,各栽培因子的影响程度为播期>密度>施氮量,最佳水平组合为D2S_(3)N_(3),产量可在1543.47 kg/hm^(2)以上;以含油量为评价标准时,栽培因子的影响程度表现为播期>密度>施氮量,最佳水平组合为D_(2)S_(2)N_(1),含油量可在45.23%以上;以α-亚麻酸含量为评价标准时,栽培因子的影响程度表现为施氮量>播期>密度,最佳水平组合为D_(2)S_(3)N_(1),α-亚麻酸含量可在66.08%以上。【结论】以紫苏产量为评价标准时,适当晚播、高密度、高施氮量栽培条件下紫苏可获较高产量;以紫苏含油量为评价标准时,适当晚播、中密度、低施氮量栽培条件下紫苏籽粒含油量较高;以α-亚麻酸含量为评价标准时,适当晚播、高密度、低施氮量栽培条件下紫苏籽粒α-亚麻酸含量较高。

【Objective】The effects of cultivation factors of sowing date,density and nitrogen application rate on the yield and quality of Perilla frutescens were explored to provide the technique support for the cultivation of high-yield and good-quality P.frutescens.【Method】The effects of three cultivation factors of sowing date(D1,sowing in the normal season on March 30th;D2,late sowing on April 14th;D3,early sowing on March 15th),density(S_(1),low density with 50025 plants/hm^(2);S_(2),medium density with 100050 plants/hm^(2);S_(3),high density with 200010 plants/hm^(2))and nitrogen application rate(N1,low nitrogen without nitrogen fertilizer;N_(2),medium nitrogen with 240 kg/hm^(2)urea;N_(3),high nitrogen with 480 kg/hm^(2)urea)with different combinations on phenological period,agronomic traits,yield and quality traits of P.frutescens were studied by an orthogonal experiment.Taking the yield,oil content andα-linolenic acid content as the target traits,the optimal level combinations of three cultivation factors were determined by using range analysis.【Result】The sowing date was very significantly and negatively correlated with the whole growth period,plant height and node number of main stem,and very significantly and positively correlated with oil content and protein content.The planting density was very significantly and negatively correlated with stem diameter,spike number per plant and seed weight per plant,and significantly and negatively correlated with plant height.Nitrogen application rate was significantly and positively correlated with the yield.Taking yield as the evaluation criterion,the influence of each cultivation factor followed sowing date>density>nitrogen application rate,and the optimal level combination was D_(2)S_(3)N_(3),and the yield could reach more than 1543.47 kg/hm^(2).Taking oil content as the evaluation criterion,the influence of cultivation factors was sowing date>density>nitrogen application rate.The optimal level combination was D_(2)S_(2)N_(1),and the oil content could reach more than 45.23%.Takingα-linolenic acid content as the evaluation criterion,the influence of cultivation factors followed nitrogen application rate>sowing date>density.The optimal level combination was D_(2)S_(2)N_(1),andα-linolenic acid content could reach more than 66.08%.【Conclusion】Taking yield as the evaluation criterion,the combination of suitable late sowing,high density and high nitrogen application rate can obtain the higher yield of P.frutescens.Taking oil content as the evaluation criterion,the combination of suitable late sowing,medium density and low nitrogen application rate can obtain the higher oil content of P.frutescens.Takingα-linolenic acid content as the evaluation criterion,the combination of suitable late sowing,high density and low nitrogen application rate can obtain the higherα-linolenic acid content of P.frutescens.