智能合约运行的风险集群与防治对策

The risk cluster and prevention measures of smart contracts operation

智能合约的合同缔结和履行模式不同于传统合同,加之其运行机制具有特殊性,故而产生了不同的风险集群。在缔约阶段,存在代码语言契合风险、代码语言修正风险、代码语言解释风险等风险集群。在履约阶段,存在合同解除风险、交易透明风险、条件判定风险等风险集群。在技术应用上,存在去中心化结构监管风险、合约代码安全风险、链外信息观测风险等风险集群。在风险防治上,通过事中提示事后救济、层级化区分智能合约、文本合同桥梁等方式,可防范缔约风险集群;通过缩短或限制自动履行机制的期限、保障交易主体的被遗忘权、第三方+机器识别共同观测等方式,可防范履约风险集群;通过建立平台编译人员智能合约当事人三方监管机制、代码自救机制、代码并行化运行与共识协议、限制智能合约运行环境、增加第三方辅助观测等方式,可防范技术风险集群。

Smart contracts differ from traditional contracts in their formation and execution processes,and their unique operational mechanisms introduce distinct risk clusters.In the contract formation stage,there are clusters of risks related to code language compatibility,code language modification,and code language interpretation.During execution,clusters of risks include contract termination,transaction transparency,and condition assessment risks.From a technical perspective,risk clusters include decentralized structure regulatory risks,contract code security risks,and off-chain information observation risks.Risk prevention and control measures can address these clusters by utilizing approaches such as proactive alerting and post-incident remedies,tiered smart contract classification,and establishing a textual contract bridge to mitigate formation stage risks.For execution risks,measures like shortening or limiting the duration of automated execution,ensuring a“right to be forgotten”for transaction parties,and combining third-party and machine verification can be effective.To address technical risks,strategies such as establishing a three-tier supervisory system(platform-compiler-contract parties),implementing self-recovery mechanisms in code,parallel code execution with consensus protocols,limiting smart contract environments,and adding third-party monitoring can serve as effective defenses.