周平王东迁的时与地再探

Re-exploring the Time and Place of King Ping of Zhou s Eastward Migration

《史记》中有周平王元年东迁洛邑之说,古今学者罕有异议,以至成为定论。但详细考察《史记》此说的史料来源,发现其本之于《秦记》,而后者仅记周幽王十一年幽王被杀,秦襄公被封为诸侯。至于周东徙洛邑事,虽在周幽王十一年之后,至于具体在何年,《秦记》并未明确。实际上,《史记》中的这一说法基于司马迁个人的推断,未有可靠资料凭据。根据清华简《系年》等文献可知,平王东迁绝非一蹴而就,而是历经一个过程:平王元年东迁的地点是成周,即考古所发现的韩旗成周;再结合《左传》《国语》等文献中的记载可知,平王三十三年之后又从韩旗成周迁至洛邑,即考古所发现的涧河王城。《史记》将这一过程笼统地说成平王元年东迁洛邑,并不准确。

In the first year of King Ping of Zhou(770 BC),he moved his capital east to Luoyi,which is generally regarded as the dividing point between the Western Zhou and the Eastern Zhou,showing the important position of this event in the study of ancient Chinese history.This view,according to the investigation of existing documents,can be traced back to the Shiji(Records of the Grand Historian)written by Sima Qian of the Western Han dynasty.As ancient and modern scholars have rarely objected Sima Qian's view it has become a conclusive conclusion.However,with the publication of information such as Tsinghua bamboo slips Xinian in recent years,the theory that King Ping moved east to Luoyi in the first year of his reign has been questioned.Through the historical investigation of the so-called eastward migration of King Ping of Zhou to Luoyi in the first year of his reign,it is found that Sima Qian had based his statement on Qin Ji.However,Qin Ji only records that King You was killed in the eleventh year of his reign,and that Duke Xiang of Qin was made a prince.As for the time of Zhou s moving to Luoyi,although it was after the eleventh year of King You of Zhou,no specific year was clearly record in Qin Ji.Therefore,it can be inferred that Sima Qian had based his view on personal inference instead of reliable historical record.According to Tsinghua bamboo slips Xinian and other documents,it can be seen that King Ping's eastward migration was by no means achieved overnight,but had undergone quite a process.In the ninth year of King You of Zhou(773 BC),King Ping was made a prince by Marquis Wen of Jin in Jingshi(the site of the pottery canal found in today s Hancheng,Shaanxi).In the first year of King Ping,he moved east from Jingshi to Chengzhou.As Chengzhou is located in the east of Haojing,the capital of the Western Zhou,it was called“moving east.”In the thirty-third year of his reign,King Ping moved again from Chengzhou to Jianhe,which is recorded in Zuozhuan.As Jianhe is located in the west of Chengzhou,the movement was referred to as“moving west.”This complicated process was simply referred to as King Ping moving east to Luoyi by Sima Qian in Shiji,which is obviously inaccurate.After examining the age and historical facts of King Ping's eastward migration,some difficult characters in Tsinghua bamboo slips Xinian can also be clarified.The so-called moving to“Chengzhou”in“the third year”(the first year of King Ping of Zhou)refers to the Hanqi Chengzhou,which was founded in the period of King Li and King Xuan of Zhou.After King Ping moved to Hanqi Chengzhou,the Marquis Wen of Jin began to rebuild Luoyi into a new capital(that is,Jianhe capital).This record in Xinian has been confirmed by archaeological findings.Regarding the“Duke Wu of Zheng is also the prince of the East,”it refers to the records in Volume 6 of Tsinghua bamboo slips“Zheng Wu Furen Gui Ru Zi”in which Zheng Wu Furen(Duke Wu s wife)said:“My monarch used to be in great trouble,and he stayed in Wei for three years,without seeing his state or his family.”This describes the fact that after King Ping's move to Chengzhou,Duke Wu of Zheng was ordered to stay in Wei as the chief of the Zhou princes to contact and unite the princes in the east in the defense of the country.It is precisely because of the foundational role of Duke Wu of Zheng that helped establish Duke Zhuang of Zheng s hegemonic status among the states in the early Spring and Autumn period.