数据错误的法律治理

On the Legal Regulation of Data Errors

大数据时代,数据错误普遍存在。数据错误贯穿数据的全生命周期,是数据质量低下的表现,主要包含缺乏时效、记录重复、难被理解、难以访问、可信度低、不成体系、不一致等特性,表现为数据损失、篡改、造假、偏差、混淆等形式。数据错误既包括客观实际层面的错误,也包括主观行为层面的错误,其成因在于数治制度、数治体系与数治能力存在缺陷。数据错误可能会损害公民的正当权利,破坏社会的运行秩序以及降低国家的治理效能。因此,要确定数据错误规制的基本原则,厘清规制数据错误的主要路径,构建规制数据错误的具体制度,包括设立必要的数据容错法律机制,建构维护数据质量的法律制度以及打造全链条协同共治的法律制度,从而更好地进行数据治理。

In the era of big data,data errors are ubiquitous,including the errors of data itself and the influence of data errors.The error of the data itself refers to the fact that the specific data have the attributes and characteristics of“no”in timeliness and non-recording repeatability,understandability and accessibility,systematicness and consistency,credibility or qualification,completeness and accuracy,etc.,which is a static error at the written level.The influence of data error refers to a kind of“wrong-carrying”consequence caused by wrong data at individual,social and national levels,and it is a dynamic error at the actual experience level.In a word,data errors run through the whole life cycle of data,which are the manifestations of low data quality,mainly including the lack of timeliness,repeated records,difficulty to understand,difficulty to access,low credibility,being unsystematic,and inconsistence,etc.,and are manifested in the forms of data loss,tampering,fraud,deviation,confusion and so on.Data errors include both errors in objective reality and errors in subjective behavior.The former is mainly limited by external objective conditions,while the latter is mainly influenced by internal subjective factors.The reason lies in the defects in the institution,system and ability of number management,specifically,the“lack”of the right values,legitimate reasons and the proper rules related to data management.The possible harm of data error is mainly reflected in three aspects.First,it may damage citizens legitimate rights,making citizens digital identity unrecognizable,affecting their data rights,and shrinking people's expectations for a better digital life.Secondly,it may destroy the operation order of the society,hurting the core brain ability of the digital society,inhibiting the innovation power of the digital society,and damaging the vitality of the system construction of the digital society.Finally,it may reduce the governance efficiency of the country,hindering the decision-making in national governance,shaking the national governance structure,and delaying the national governance transition.Therefore,we must first determine the main principles of data error regulation,including the principle of reasonable regulation,the principle of openness and transparency and the principle of accurate treatment.Secondly,it is necessary to clarify the path of regulating data errors,including unified legislation in mature fields,type comparison and responding to public value needs.Finally,it is necessary to build a specific system to regulate data errors,including setting up the necessary legal mechanism for data fault tolerance,building a legal system for maintaining data quality and establishing a legal system for collaborative governance of the whole chain.