凉山彝族丧葬仪式的音乐构成及文化功能

The Musical Composition and Cultural Function of the Funeral Ceremony of Yi People in Liangshan

凉山彝族的丧葬仪式有以乐成礼的典型特征。音乐是丧葬仪式的重要组成,丧葬仪式可以分为备丧、吊丧、出殡与安葬四个阶段,而音乐也有哭丧歌、起源歌、吊丧歌与出殡歌四种类型。根据逝者死亡情况的不同,丧葬仪式具备不同程序,而各类音乐也对应组合搭配呈现不同面相。在丧葬仪式中,毕摩诵唱的经文音乐称为“毕摩音乐”,其余音乐活动可以称为“卓卓音乐”,两类音乐各有其聚焦内容与表现形式,呈现繁复的社会文化功能。由此折射出凉山彝族社会结构、信仰体系及哲学思想的多重面向及其与中华丧葬文化相交的历史文化事实。

The Yi people believe that“people after death have three souls”and that“people who die return to their ancestors”.Their funeral customs have a set of strict operation procedures,which are complex and full of ritual feelings,and cover every link from hospice care to soul rest in detail.In Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture,the largest settlement of the Yi population in China,people typically use music as etiquette,which contains the participants specific imagination and emotional expression of the ethnic group,thus becoming a concrete manifestation of the Liangshan Yi people's view of life and death,the individual and their ethnic group,this world and the other side.The funeral process of Liangshan Yi people can be divided into four stages:preparation,mourning,funeral and burial,and the related music also has different types.Within each type,different music has its own focused ideographic path and its own system,and finally forms a crisscrossing network.Further,when facing whether the deceased died normally or abnormally,the Liangshan Yi people have corresponding different music choices,and the combination and collocation present different faces,express different emotions and concepts,form the order of the relationship between music and national culture,and reveal the multidimensional funeral structure,their cultural concepts and traditional customs.In the dimension of music,we can understand the social structure,traditional culture,national concept and life belief of Liangshan Yi people in a more vivid and three-dimensional way.In the funeral ceremony,the music of the scriptures recited by Bimo is called“Bimo music”,and the rest of the musical activities can be called“Zhuozhuo music”,each with its own focus and expression.The former has a normative ritual procedure and expressive order.Focused on the religious ceremony itself and the traditional culture and national beliefs,it carries the mission consciousness of extraditing the deceased,and is mainly characterized by a strong and low singing voice.The latter derives from the labor and entertainment of the daily life of the Yi people and the simple emotional expectations it breeds,focusing on the private emotional expression of the deceased in the interaction and pleasure.Liangshan Yi music not only carries profound cultural significance,social value and religious beliefs,but also promotes the burial ceremony to become a serious historical knowledge performance,bearing multiple social and cultural functions such as ethnic identity,emotional connection,entertainment,moral education and cultural exchange.As a vivid example of the ritual and music tradition of Chinese civilization,Liangshan Yi music not only sublimates the understanding of death,but also maintains the social harmony and order in the ritual music and rites,highlighting the long and profound Yi ancient song tradition in the long river of Chinese culture,and deepening the historical and cultural facts of its intersection with Chinese funeral culture.