野生稻(Oryza rufipogon)保护思考——基于植硅体记录的水稻(Oryza sativa)起源演化分析

Consideration on protection of wild rice(Oryza rufipogon)-Based on phytolith documences of rice(Oryza sativa)origin and evolution

水稻起源于野生稻(又名普通野生稻),中国科学家在水稻起源、演化及传播等科学问题上已经取得了重要进展。为深入理解野生稻在水稻驯化过程中发挥的关键核心作用,提高全民生态保护意识,加强野生稻资源保护,从环境生物学角度出发,基于水稻植硅体记录的起源演化阶段进行了总结,讨论了相关热点问题。最新研究结果表明,野生水稻在晚更新世以来广泛分布于长江中下游,为水稻起源提供了必要的条件,水稻起源演化主要经历了5个阶段:①距今24000~13000 a为野生稻采集利用阶段;②距今13000~11000 a为野生稻栽培驯化阶段,距今11000 a左右,水稻驯化成功,稻作农业发展;③距今11000~6600 a为水稻加速驯化阶段,距今6600 a左右水稻不掉粒性状趋于稳定;④距今6600~4000 a为水稻驯化性状稳定发展阶段;⑤距今4000 a左右为籼、粳分化阶段,水稻分化为籼稻和粳稻。普通野生稻被驯化为水稻经历了近万年的漫长过程,可谓来之不易,野生稻资源在水稻驯化过程中发挥了关键核心作用。因此,加强野生稻资源保护,使野生稻种质资源更好地服务于当代与未来,对保障国家粮食安全具有重要意义。

Asian domesticated rice(Oryza sativa)is originated from common wild rice(Oryza rufipogon).Chi⁃nese scientists have made important progress on the origin,evolution and spread of rice.In order to deeply un⁃derstand the key and core role of wild rice on the process of rice domestication,to improve the national aware⁃ness of ecological protection,and to strengthen the protection of wild rice resources,from an environmental bi ology perspective,this paper discusses the relevant hot issues based on the origin and evolution of rice recorded by the rice phytoliths.The results of the latest research suggest that wild rice has been widely distributed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River since the late Pleistocene.This is necessary conditions for the rice origin.The origin and evolution of rice mainly witness five stages:①The wild rice harvest and utilization stage during 24000~13000 a before present;②Planting and domestication stage during 13000~11000 a be⁃fore present.About 11000 a ago,successful domestication of rice started the farming and agricultural develop⁃ment;③The accelerated domestication stage during 11000~6600 a before present.About 6600 a ago,non⁃shattering in rice tended to stabilize;④6600~4000 a before present is the stable development stage of rice do⁃mestication and shape;⑤About 4000 a ago,rice was differentiated into indica and japonica.The domestica⁃tion of ordinary wild rice into rice has experienced a long process of nearly ten thousand years,which can be said to be hard-won.The wild rice resources play a key and core role in the process of rice domestication.There⁃fore,strengthened protection of wild rice resources will make the wild rice germplasm resources better serve the contemporary and future,and it is of great significance to ensure national food security.