数字经济发展、要素偏向型技术进步与劳动报酬份额提升

The Development of Digital Economy,Factor Biased Technological Progress and the Increase of Labor Income Share in China

如何发展数字经济以期实现劳动偏向型技术进步的发生、提升劳动报酬份额、优化要素分配结构成为推进中国式现代化发展并最终实现共同富裕所亟须解决的问题。为揭示数字经济发展对劳动收入份额的作用机制,本文首先构建了一般均衡模型,阐释了数字经济通过促进劳动偏向型技术进步和提升劳动技能结构两个渠道影响劳动收入份额的作用机制;其次,本文利用税收调查数据对企业数字资本规模进行测度,并汇总到省级层面,得到了各省数字经济发展水平的指标,并利用随机系数模型计算了各省劳动对产出的时变贡献份额,进而对数字经济和劳动报酬份额变动之间的关系进行实证检验。研究发现,数字资本规模提升1%,劳动报酬份额大约提升0.032%。而造成中国劳动报酬份额整体下滑、阶段性由降转升的深层原因在于数字经济不仅会强化资本对简单劳动力的替代效应,也会促进资本和技能劳动力的互补效应,以及数字经济对要素偏向型技术进步的作用。最终,在劳动力规模效应和技能的结构效应共同作用下,数字经济的发展有利于改善要素收入分配结构、提升劳动收入份额。

The global trend of continuous decline in the share of labor income is very significant,and China has shown a phased change in the contribution of labor output,with the share of labor income first decreasing and then increasing.This not only goes against the typical characteristic of constant factor income share in the Kaldor paradigm,but also in the digital age,the development of the digital economy and the transformation of the substitution and complementarity relationship between capital and labor have made the changes in labor income share more complex.In this regard,how to effectively increase the scale of labor remuneration,its proportion in the initial distribution process,and optimize the income distribution structure of factors has become an urgent problem to be solved to promote the development of Chinese path to modernization,narrow the income gap between regions,and ultimately achieve common prosperity.This article first constructs a general equilibrium model,and by discussing the impact of factor biased technological progress triggered by the digital economy on labor income share,it reveals whether the digital economy can trigger labor biased technological progress,which is the key to increasing labor income share;Furthermore,when distinguishing labor force heterogeneity based on skill differences,this article found that the digital economy can increase skill premiums and increase the overall share of labor income through the structural effects of labor skills.To verify the rationality of the theoretical model,this article uses tax survey data to measure the scale of enterprise digital capital,and summarizes it at the provincial level to obtain more direct indicators for measuring the level of digital economy development in provinces.A random coefficient model is used to estimate the contribution of labor output changes,and then empirically verify the impact of the digital economy on labor income share.Research has shown that the development of the digital economy has a positive promoting effect on the share of labor income,and the underlying reason for the overall decline in Chinese share of labor remuneration and the gradual transition from decline to increase is that the development of the digital economy has promoted the shift of technological progress from capital oriented to labor oriented.Compared to existing literature,this article makes exploratory extensions in the following three aspects:firstly,it uses data mining to obtain the scale of digital capital at the enterprise levels and accumulated to provincial levels,which aims to use a more direct way to measure the level of digital development at the enterprise and provincial levels;Secondly,this article constructs a general equilibrium model and attempts to provide a consistent explanation for the phased changes in labor compensation share based on the direction of biased technological progress within a unified theoretical framework;Thirdly,this article uses a random coefficient model to estimate the time-varying output contributions of capital and labor in each province,and obtains new indicators to measure biased technological progress.This study has provide some policy implications for expanding household income,optimizing regional resource allocation efficiency,and improving the market factor allocation system.When facing the impact caused by new productive forces,government needs to respect the objective conditions and material foundation of cities,find suitable paths for technological progress,develop new productive forces represented by the digital economy according to local conditions,and thereby improve labor income levels,achieving convergence towards higher per capita income levels in the region.