清代黄河下游的滩地垦种——基于国家治理视角

Reclamation in Beach Land along the Lower Yellow River during the Qing Dynasty on the Perspective of National Governance

清代黄河下游滩区是为河工规划的行水空间,又因面积广阔、土地禀赋良好,被朝廷视作发展民生事业的资源。清初以降,清廷不断通过制度性政策推动滩地垦种,加以人口增长的刺激作用,滩地农业渐成规模,而同时愈发挤占河道空间,影响河工大政,乾隆后期河患频仍即与此密切相关。及至嘉庆、道光年间,滩地农业与河工大政激烈冲突,河滩之上人与自然的关系再难和谐,清廷既重河工又抓民生的治理路径达到效益极限。

The beach land along the lower Yellow River in the Qing Dynasty was the flood space planned for river projects. But the beach land was also regarded as the land for the development of people's livelihood by the government due to its vast area and good fertility. Since the early Qing Dynasty, the government had continued to promote reclamation through institutional policies with superimposed population growth. The beach land agriculture gradually expended and increasingly occupied river space that affected the river projects. Besides, the frequency of river floods in the late Qianlong period was regarded as related to the reclamation. In the Jiadao periods, the fierce conflicts between beach land agriculture and river projects meant governance path of taking into account river projects and reclamation reached the limit of benefit.