西夏的二元地方行政体制(上)

The Dual Local Administration System in Xixia

从西夏职官设置类型入手,通过对《法则》《亥年新法》中新译出的有关西夏地方行政体制史料的分析,可以发现西夏同时实行府县制与类头下军州制。府县制是沿袭唐宋制度而来,为府领县的二级制,县之下设乡里;类头下军州制与西夏的部落制有密切联系。拥有私属人口、私属土地甚至私甲的部落首领在西夏立国后转变为“■■”,这些有“■■”的州县城寨归属监军司、经略司管理系统,“州主”为行政长官。由此,西夏完成由部落制到国家行政体制的转变,这种体制成为集权式国家。西夏的府县制和类头下军州制各成体系、相互独立,二元性是其显著特点。这种二元的行政体制并非西夏首创,只是沿袭了这一地域的统治习惯,它既是游牧经济与农耕经济同时存在的历史必然,也是由松散部落制向集权制国家转变的选择。西夏晚期,府县制与类头下军州制依然并行。从现有材料看,类头下军州在西夏晚期社会依然占有较高比重。

The local administrative system is an important issue related to political,economic,military and other systems.There are various views in the academic community on the administrative system of Xixia.We attempt to start with the types of official positions in Xixia and analyze the newly translated historical materials related to the local administrative system in the Regulations and the New Law of the Year of Hai.We believe that the Xixia implemented both the prefecture county system and the military state system under the jurisdiction of the head.The system of prefectures and counties originated from the Tang and Song Dynasties,manifested as a two-level system of prefectures leading counties,with townships set up below the counties;there is a close connection between the military state system under the class head and the tribal system of Xixia.After the establishment of Xixia,tribal leaders who owned private populations,private lands,and even private armor were transformed into“chieftains”of“■■”,The official positions in the county towns where the“■■”was located were led by“state lords”and placed under the management systems of the Military Supervision and Strategy Departments.They were incorporated into the national administrative management system and became an important component of a centralized state.The system of prefectures and counties in Xixia,as well as the system of military states under the leadership of the class,were separate and independent of each other,with duality being its prominent feature.This binary administrative system was not pioneered by Xixia,but simply followed the ruling habits of this region.It is not only a historical inevitability of the coexistence of nomadic and agricultural economies,but also a choice for the transition from a loose tribal system to a centralized state.In the late Xixia period,the system of prefectures and counties continued to run parallel to the system of military states under the jurisdiction of the local government.From existing materials,it can be seen that the military states under the jurisdiction of the local government still held a relatively high proportion in the late Xixia society.