敦煌藏文苯教写卷所见吐蕃丧葬仪轨空间

The Space of Tubo Funeral Rituals in the Dunhuang Tibetan Bon Manuscripts

敦煌藏文苯教写卷散见载录吐蕃丧葬仪轨空间相关信息,从中反映之墓葬布局及营建准则与吐蕃墓葬考古所见基本相符、互为佐证,由此可窥苯教仪轨对吐蕃墓葬制度与丧葬仪礼之影响与规习。以P.T.1042为中心,摘译并整合梳理诸卷相应内容,初步认为吐蕃丧葬仪轨空间可分三类,整体空间:陵墓(■),四角墓室八方坟场(■);地面空间:坟场(■),墓地(■)/佳妙墓地(■),丧宴之所(■),白色魂帐(■),享堂(■)与“卡噶”(■);地下空间:墓室(■),墓穴(■),殡宫(■)。墓葬营建准则有五条:一、形制四角八方;二、选址隐秘河谷(■);三、墓室之上建四木架(■),升举四角飞檐(■);四、向北铺展丧宴毡垫,河谷中央支撑白魂帐;五、神子魔孙威猛苯辛(■)营建墓葬。墓葬营建表述采用固定动词:建造(■)、铺展(■)、环绕(■)、延展(■)、支撑(■)、升举(■)。

The Tibetan Bon manuscripts from Dunhuang contain scattered information on the space of Tubo funeral rituals.The tomb layout and construction principles reflected in them are basically consistent with the archaeological findings of Tubo tombs and they support each other.From this,we can see the influence and rules of the Bon rituals on the Tubo tomb system and funeral rituals.Taking PT 1042 as the center,the corresponding contents of various volumes are extracted and translated and integrated.It is preliminarily believed that the space of Tubo funeral rituals can be divided into three categories:overall space:mausoleum(Tib.so,bang so),fourcorner tomb chamber and eight-sided cemetery(Tib.se khru bzi rgyal thag brgyad);ground space:cemetery(Tib.dur),burial ground(Tib.sa sa,se sa,pha se,phas se)/Jia Miao burial ground(Tib.bzang se),funeral banquet place(Tib.gdan),white soul tent(Tib.thugs sbra dkar mo);hall of worship(Tib.thugs gang)and“Kaga”(Tib.char kar);underground space:tomb chamber(Tib.se khru bzhi,se vbrum bzhi,se,se mo,ring se),tomb(Tib.gtang,thems,tems),funeral official(Tib.ring gang).There are five principles for tomb construction:1.The shape is of four corners and eight directions;2.The site is hidden in the river valley(Tib.lung);3.Four wooden frames are built on the tomb chamber(Tib.shing dang bzhi),and the four corners are raised with flying eaves(Tib.bya dgyi bzhi);4.The funeral banquet felt mat is spread to the north,and the white soul tent is supported in the middle of the river valley;5.The son of God and the grandson of the devil are mighty Bon gsin to build the tomb.The description of tomb construction uses fixed verbs:build(Tib.brtsigs,bcas,btsugs),spread(Tib.bting),surround(Tib.bre),extend(Tib.vbres),support(Tib.phub),and lift(Tib.spor).