清代内务府变价制度初探

A Preliminary Study on the Sales System of the Imperial Household Department in the Qing Dynasty

内务府变价是指由清代内务府主导的变卖宫廷各项积存物料的官营商业活动。在政权渐趋平稳,内务府建制完善的背景下,康熙中晚期产生了内务府变价活动;及至乾隆朝,变价格局基本奠定,变价呈现规模化、制度化、专门化的特征;而嘉庆十九年“人参加价银”的提出加剧了人参这一首要变价物的变价困境,问题在道光朝全面发酵,变价推进艰难,最终迫使内务府对变价政策做出调整。咸丰年间,受社会动荡、资源枯竭等因素的影响,变价活动全面收缩,但仍持续至光绪末年。与明朝相比,清朝在内廷积存物料的处理上展现出更多的商业化特质和一定的市场导向性。

The sales system of the Imperial Household Department refers to the official commercial activities led by the Qing Dynasty Imperial Household Department to sell various accumulated materials of the inner court.Under the background of a stable regime and the well-established Imperial Household Department,the early sales came into being in the mid to late Kangxi reign.Entering the Qianlong period,the sales system of the Imperial Household Department basically took shape,and showed the characteristics of scale,institutionalization and specialization.However,the emergence of“Ginseng Jia Jia Yin”in the nineteenth year of Jiaqing region exacerbated the difficulties of selling ginseng,which was primary variable.The problem was fully fermented in the Daoguang region.The sales activities were difficult to promote,which eventually forced the Imperial Household Department to make adjustments to the sales policy.During the Xianfeng period,influenced by social unrest and resource depletion,the sales activities of the Imperial Household Department contracted particularly,but continued until the end of the Guangxu period.Compared with the Ming Dynasty,the Qing Dynasty showed more commercialisation qualities and market orientation in some extent while handling the materials accumulated by the inner court.