国家恐怖主义:概念辨析与理论演进

State Terrorism: Conceptual Analysis and Theoretical Evolution

冷战以来的国内外学界对国家恐怖主义研究可分为早期研究脉络、概念确立和理论构建、相对沉寂及复兴发展四个阶段。在冷战前期,关于国家政权使用恐怖手段的问题形成了三条早期研究脉络,探讨了所谓“极权主义国家”、西方国家及非洲政权对恐怖手段的使用。在冷战中后期,国家恐怖主义研究迅速推进,国家恐怖主义的概念得到提出及确立。之后学界围绕谁是国家恐怖主义的主要实施者展开三轮论辩。这些讨论推动了国家恐怖主义在关键要素和判定标准、主要类型和形式、产生和持续的条件等方面的理论建构。在冷战后十年,国家恐怖主义研究相对沉寂,但仍在国家恐怖主义的识别方面取得理论进展。在反恐战争背景下,国家恐怖主义研究得到复兴和发展,国内外学界从历史和逻辑两方面对美西方实施的恐怖主义行为进行了批判,而国际法学者则主张国家恐怖主义行为应受国际法规制。近年来“批判性恐怖主义研究”兴起,国家恐怖主义成为一个相对独立的研究领域。

Research on state terrorism since the Cold War can be divided into four phases. They are(1) early research,(2) concept establishment and theory construction,(3) relative decline, and(4) revival. In the early years of the Cold War, the main line of research focused on the use of terrorist means by different state regimes. Scholars explored the use of terrorism by three types of states-the so-called “totalitarian states,” Western countries, and African states. From the middle of the Cold War to the 1980s, the study of terrorism advanced rapidly and scholars proposed and established the concept of state terrorism. This was followed by three debates on who was the main perpetrator of state terrorism, with some scholars arguing that the United States played this role internationally. These debates promoted the theoretical construction of state terrorism in terms of its key elements and criteria, main types and forms, and conditions for its occurrence and persistence. In the decade following the end of the Cold War, the study of state terrorism was relatively dormant, but scholars continued to make some theoretical progress in identifying what constitutes state terrorism. In the context of the war on terrorism, the study of state terrorism has been revived. Many Chinese and international scholars have criticized terrorist acts committed by the United States and other Western countries from both historical and logical perspectives and international law scholars have argued that state terrorist acts should be regulated by international law. With the rise of “Critical Terrorism Studies” in recent years, state terrorism has become a relatively independent research field.