北宋熙丰监牧改革与马政运营——兼论新法中的国家财政统筹与重组

The Reform of Ranch Management and the Horse Policy in the Xining-Yuanfeng Period of Northern Song:On the National Financial Coordination and Restructuring in Wang Anshi's Reform

监牧改制是北宋熙丰新法的重要组成部分,其重点并不限于监牧体制内,而是结合土地、民兵、军事、蕃部、缘边经略等多层面的综合改制。随着地方监牧司的陆续废除,国家马政体系全面更新,国家养马转向民间养马,政府重建并强化缘边买马机制,后者是旧监牧资源“重组”的重要方向。大量监牧盈余物资通过“市易茶本金”投入到缘边博马、市籴等。监牧改制中土地与物资的运营充分彰显了新法所特有的国家财政统筹特点,通过专项机构设置、事权拓展以及各大新法机构介入,将旧监牧资源进行优化利用与重新配置,使得民间养马、市马规模发展到一个新的层次。因此,以监牧改革及监牧资源的经营为例,可尝试探索神宗朝财政的结构性调整及转移支出过程,以及不同新法如何交织其中,推动形成新的马政格局。

The reform of ranch management was an important component of the Xining-Yuanfeng Reformation of Northern Song.Its focus was not just limited to the ranch system,but rather a comprehensive reform that combined land,militia,military,tribal tribes,and border strategy.With the gradual abolition of local ranch department,the national horse breeding system had also been comprehensively updated:the national horse breeding shifted to civilian horse breeding,and the government rebuilt and strengthened the mechanism of buying horses from the border areas,which was an important direction for the"reorganization"of old ranch management resources.A large amount of surplus materials from the old ranch system were invested in buying horses from the border areas and buying foodstuff through the"Shiyi Tea Capital".The operation of land and materials in the reform of ranch system fully demonstrated the characteristics of national economic operation.Through the establishment of special institutions,the expansion of powers,and the intervention of major new institutions,the old ranch resources were optimized,utilized,and reconfigured,leading to a new level of development in the scale of civilian breeding and horse buying.Therefore,taking the reform of ranch and the management of ranch resources as an example,it is possible to explore the structural adjustment and fiscal transfer expenditure process during the reign of Emperor Shenzong,as well as how different new institutions were intertwined,to promote the formation of a new pattern of horse policy.