全面抗战时期中国国境卫生检疫制度的调整与实施

Adjustment and Implementation of the Frontier Health and Quarantine System in China During the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression

全面抗战时期中国首次出现了海港检疫、陆地边境检疫和航空检疫共存的格局,已具备“国境卫生检疫”体系的雏形。全面抗战爆发之初,国民政府将沦陷区的海港检疫交由海关代办,但由于战时海关态度的转变以及滇缅公路的开通,1939年起国民政府将国境卫生检疫的重点转移到云南边境,卫生署建立了腾越、蒙自、畹町等陆地边境检疫机构,因缺乏经费与人才,其业务仅围绕预防注射展开。1942年5月滇西地区沦陷后,卫生署在云南的陆地边境检疫机构难以为继,为配合驼峰航线的运输,卫生署于1943年2月在重庆开办航空检疫。1942年5月起,卫生署将云南边境的检疫事权下放至地方卫生机构,使得云南的陆地边境检疫得以维持,并且通过与运输机构的反复磋商保全了国境卫生检疫的独立性。全面抗战期间国民政府对国境卫生检疫制度的调整,于维护国家卫生主权、保障国际军事合作、顺应全球卫生检疫发展趋势而言具有重要意义。

During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression,port quarantine,land border quarantine,and aviation quarantine first coexisted in China,marking the initial development of the frontier health and quarantine system.At the onset of the war,the Nationalist Government assigned the port quarantine in enemy-occupied areas to the customs authorities.However,due to changing attitudes toward customs during the war and the opening of the Burma Road,the Nationalist Government shifted its focus on frontier health and quarantine to the Yunnan border in 1939.The Department of Health established land border quarantine institutions in Tengyue,Mengzi,Wanting,and other locations.Nevertheless,due to a lack of funding and personnel,their operations were limited to preventive vaccinations.After the fall of western Yunnan in May 1942,these institutions were unable to continue.In February 1943,the Department of Health established aviation quarantine in Chongqing to facilitate transportation over the Hump.Starting in May 1942,the Department of Health delegated quarantine authority of the Yunnan border to local health institutions.This decision facilitated the enforcement of land border quarantine in Yunnan and maintained the autonomy of border health quarantine through continuous consultations with transportation agencies.The adjustment of the frontier health and quarantine system by the Nationalist Government during the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression was significant in safeguarding national health sovereignty,ensuring international military cooperation,and aligning with global trends in health and quarantine development.