姜戴己:按礼分工的春秋女哲

Jiang Daiji:The Division of Labor According to the Rites During the Spring and Autumn Period

姜戴己(敬姜)是春秋时期杰出的女哲学家。她不仅比孟子早两百多年提出“君子劳心,小人劳力”命题,并且提出了一套系统的劳动分工理论,涉及劳心者与劳力者的分工、劳心者内部的分工和男女之间的分工。孔子对姜戴己给予高度评价,特别是其“知礼”。由此,姜戴己的思想体现了“分工以礼”即“按礼分工”的劳动分工原则,从而揭示了劳动分工与社会规范及其制度之间的对应关系。不仅如此,姜戴己还指出了劳动分工乃是道德的基础。进一步说,姜戴己不仅“从礼”,与孔子的“从周”一致;而且还有“非古”一面,亦与孔子的“礼有损益”思想一致,并且进而触及了出自仁爱的“缘情制礼”原理。

Jiang Daiji(Jing Jiang)was an outstanding female philosopher during the Spring and Autumn period.She not only put forward the proposition of“gentlemen engage in mental labor and commoners engage in physical labor”more than two hundred years earlier than Mencius,but also proposed a systematic theory of labor division,involving the division between mental workers and physical workers,the division within the mental workers,and the division between men and women.Confucius highly praised Jiang,especially her“understanding the rites”.Therefore,Jiang Daiji's ideas reflect the principle of labor division based on“dividing labor according to the rites”or“division of labor by the rites”,thus revealing the corresponding relationship between labor division and social norms and institutions.Moreover,Jiang also pointed out that division of labor is the foundation of morality.Furthermore,Jiang not only“followed the rites”just as that Confucius“followed the Zhou Dynasty”,but also had the idea“different from the ancient”which was consistent with Confucius'idea that“rites could be decreased and increased”,and then touched on the principle of“developing the rites based on emotion”derived from benevolence.