日韩包容性生育支持政策的探索与成效反思

Exploration and Reflection on the Effectiveness of Inclusive Fertility Support Policies in Japan and South Korea

为应对生育率下降危机,日本和韩国分别就生育政策进行转型,其包容性生育支持政策对我国优化生育支持措施具有借鉴意义。日韩的包容性生育支持政策可归纳为经济支持、保育支持和就业支持三大类,涵盖税收减免、经济补贴、住房优惠、托育服务、就业帮扶等方面,这些政策在一定程度上缓解了女性的工作和育儿冲突,减轻了家庭育儿负担。但截至目前,日韩的生育支持政策并未真正解决两国生育率不断下降的问题,亦未扭转日益严重的生育危机。我国正处于生育政策转型的关键时期,应借鉴日韩两国的经验,吸取两国的教训,立足人口发展规律,把握好政策前瞻性与灵活性,加强财政保障生育支持的普惠性,在社会层面多维度鼓励生育,培育积极的婚育观念和社会风尚,加快构建以人为本的生育配套支持体系,从而积极应对低生育水平和少子化社会的困境。

In response to the crisis of declining fertility rates,fertility support policies have been respectively transformed in Japan and South Korea,whose inclusive policies have reference value for optimizing the measures in China.The policies can be classified into three categories,covering support in finance,childcare and employment,tax cut,financial subsidies,housing incentives,childcare services,employment assistance,and other aspects.These policies have to some extent alleviated the conflict between women’s career and maternity,and reduced the burden of family parenting.However,up to now,the policies have not truly solved the problem of declining fertility rates in both countries,nor have they reversed the increasingly serious fertility crisis.China is currently in a critical period of transition in its birth policy and we should learn from the experiences of Japan and South Korea.Following the laws of population growth,we should grasp the forward-looking and flexible nature of policies,strengthen the inclusiveness of fiscal support for childbirth,encourage childbirth from multiple dimensions at the social level.We should cultivate positive attitudes and social norms towards marriage and childbirth,accelerate the construction of a people-oriented birth support system,and actively respond to the dilemmas of low fertility rates and low birth societies.