非遗价值重构与认同模式的反思--彩砂坛城的仪式、静物与表演

Reflection on the Value Reconstruction and Identification Patterns of Intangible Heritage:Ritual,Still Life and Performance of Sand Mandala

“彩砂坛城”作为藏传佛教密宗仪轨之一,在被纳入国家级非物质文化遗产名录后,其文化价值被系统评估、重构并文本化,进入官方主流话语体系之中。原本属于封闭且私密的宗教仪式的彩砂坛城,逐步转化为一种面向公众的开放性展演。非遗的本质涉及国家认同、地方文化、记忆传承、身份建构等关键主题。当非遗在不同“场域”和“语境”之中展演,不同观众基于个人视角和背景,产生不同的个体记忆,赋予非遗项目形态各异的文化认同和价值意义。本研究将通过不同主体在非遗“在场”中的话语、行动和博弈,呈现非遗作为一种公共项目如何被不同社会主体进行诠释、重构和符号化,分析在不同场域中非遗文化价值构建和认同机制的差异与矛盾,以及这些差异和矛盾产生的原因和可能的解决途径。

The Sand Mandala,a pivotal Tantric ritual within Tibetan Buddhism,has been officially recognized and included in the National Intangible Heritage List,undergoing a comprehensive process of valuation,redefinition,and documentation.This process has facilitated its integration into mainstream discourse,marking its evolution from an esoteric,private practice to an openly accessible cultural display.Intangible cultural heritage,at its core,engages with crucial concepts such as national identity,local culture,the transmission of memory,and the construction of individual and collective identities.When intangible cultural heritage is performed in different“fields”and“contexts”,different viewers,based on their personal perspectives and backgrounds,generate distinct individual memories,bestowing the intangible cultural heritage projects with diverse cultural identities and significance.This research delves into the multifaceted processes through which intangible cultural heritage is engaged with and represented by various social actors,exploring the discourse,actions,and interplay among stakeholders within the context of intangible cultural heritage.It scrutinizes how diverse interpretations,reconstructions,and symbolization by different groups contribute to the nuanced landscape of cultural significance and identity associated with intangible cultural heritage.By investigating the variegated approaches to valuing and identifying intangible cultural heritage across distinct contexts,this study aims to uncover the underlying disparities and tensions.Additionally,it seeks to understand the origins of these differences and challenges,proposing potential strategies for addressing and harmonizing these divergences.