城市市场需求对企业布局的诱致影响研究

Study on the Demand Induced Impact of Urban Markets on Enterprise Layout

随着市场分工的不断深化,城市市场逐渐成为功能完备的独立市场单元。企业布局的区位选择是遵循利润最大化做出微观决策的空间分布结果,在不同城市市场中呈现差异化的布局特征。以2000—2021年304个城市的新注册企业与上市公司为研究对象,考察城市市场需求对企业布局的诱致影响、作用机制及区域异质性,并实证检验需求距离在其中的调节作用。实证结果表明:需求规模大的城市市场更有利于吸引新企业进入布局。机制分析表明,劳动力“蓄水池”、中间品共享和技术溢出效应是城市市场诱致企业布局的三个重要渠道。大规模城市、省会城市、东部城市及高度市场化城市的市场需求对于企业进入布局的诱致作用更强,具有典型的路径依赖性。针对此类城市,除招商优惠政策外,地方政府更需要考虑城市市场正外部性的综合理念提升市场环境,亟须防范新企业因模仿与重复布局导致的市场效率降低。需求距离的调节效应表明,城市市场需求中心对企业的诱致作用在6公里范围内显著。企业邻近城市中心的布局方式有利于要素获取,从而显著提高企业生存概率,但应注意防范城市市场的“拥挤效应”。因此,实施差异化的市场准入政策有利于各地城市市场发展的协调性与均衡性,有利于扩展城市市场需求规模以及推行招商优惠政策。

With the deepening of market division of labor,urban market gradually becomes a fully functional independent market unit.The location choice of enterprise layout is not a random process,but a spatial distribution result of micro-decision making following profit maximization,showing differentiated layout characteristics in different urban markets.Existing studies are mostly analyzed from the supply-side perspective,and few of them provide sufficient doctrinal explanation and empirical evidence on enterprise layout from the demand-side perspective.Taking newly registered enterprises and listed companies in 304 cities from 2000 to 2021 as the research objects,the induced influence,mechanism and regional heterogeneity of urban market demand on enterprise layout are examined,and the moderating role of demand distance is empirically tested in it.The empirical results show that,urban markets of large demand are more attractive for new firms to enter the layout.The mechanism analysis shows that labor“reservoir”,intermediate goods sharing and technology spillover effects are three important channels for urban markets to induce firms to enter the market.Further research develops that the market demand in large-scale cities,provincial capitals,eastern cities and highly market-oriented cities has a stronger role in inducing enterprises to enter and locate in the city,which is typical of path dependence.For such cities,in addition to preferential investment policies,local governments need to consider the comprehensive concept of positive externalities of the urban market to enhance the market environment,and urgent to prevent new enterprises from efficiency reduction due to imitation and duplication.The moderating effect of demand distance shows that the inducing effect of urban market demand centers on enterprises is significant in the range of 6 kilometers.The proximity of enterprises to urban centers facilitates factor acquisition,which significantly increases the probability of survival,however,attention should be paid to preventing the“crowding effect”.The study concludes that the implementation of differentiated market access policies is conducive to the coordinated and balanced development of urban markets around the world,and provides a practical basis for expanding the scale of market demand and implementing preferential policies for investment promotion in urban practice.