论藏族山神煨桑颂文的发展历程

A Study on the Development of the Eulogy for Smoke Offering in Tibetan Mountain God Sacrifice

藏族山神文化是藏族人民在与其他民族不断交流、相互吸收促进的漫长历史中创造的独具特色的灿烂文化,是中华文化乃至世界文化宝库中的一颗璀璨明珠。自古以来,藏族便繁衍生息在青藏高原,在这里孕育了其独特的文化。煨桑这种既古老又普遍的习俗,作为一种民俗活动,都已渗透到藏族生产生活的各个方面,发挥着重要的文化功能。藏族山神煨桑颂文当初是从民间祭祀颂词发展演变出来的。《嘉岸拉桑铅姆》是藏族最重要的煨桑颂文。相传于公元8世纪由莲花生大师授记并伏藏,后分别由三位掘藏大师相继发掘。《嘉岸拉桑铅姆》成为创造藏传山神煨桑颂文的最重要篮本,第三世噶玛巴的《世界公桑》和索南益西旺波的《拉桑南达玛》等最通用的藏传山神颂文中大篇幅借用了此颂文。公元13世纪《诗镜》翻译成藏文后,对藏传山神颂文的文本框架、艺术风格、内容特色等方面产生了很大影响。藏族代代相传的煨桑诵文拥有民间文学和古典文学的双重文学特征,特别是包含英雄主义色彩的山神诵文在藏族文学作品中占有相当比例。但是对于藏族民间祭祀仪式的研究,尤其是山神煨桑颂文的系统研究为数不多,鉴此,文章以煨桑仪式本身作为切入点,深入调研以诵文为主的藏族山神文化体系及其带有的丰富文化内涵,同时以煨桑仪式中的诵文颂词为主要研究对象,并结合其他山神诵文和前人的相关研究成果,深入探究阐述了煨桑及诵文的文化内涵。文章依据文化进化论的理论,对藏文煨桑祭词的渊源及不同发展阶段的特点进行了剖析,并阐述其隐含的艺术魅力。

Tibetan mountain god culture is a unique and brilliant culture created by the Tibetan people in the long history of continuous communication,mutual absorption and promotion with other ethnic groups.It is a shining pearl in the treasure trove of Chinese culture and even world culture.Since ancient times,the Tibetan people have thrived in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau,where they have nurtured their unique culture.The ancient and common custom of Mountain God sacrifice,as a folk activity,has permeated various aspects of Tibetan production and life,playing an important cultural function.The Tibetan mountain god simmering mulberry hymns evolved from folk sacrificial hymns.Rgyags Brngan Lha Bsang Chen Mo is the most important eulogy for Tibetan Mountain God.It is said that in the 8th century AD,it was taught and stored as a treasure by Padmasambhava,and later revealed by three Terton masters.Rgyags Brngan Lha Bsang Chen Mo has become the most important blueprint for writing the eulogies for Tibetan Mountain God,which has been extensively borrowed from the most commonly used eulogy for Tibetan Mountain God such as the Third Karmapa and Sonam Yeshe Wangpo’s eulogy for Tibetan Mountain God.After the translation of Snyan Ngag Me Long into Tibetan language in the 13th century,the text framework,artistic style,and content characteristics of the eulogy for Tibetan Mountain God were greatly influenced by it.Tibetan Mountain God Sacrifice,which has been passed down from generation to generation by the Tibetan people,has dual literary characteristics of folk literature and classical literature,especially the heroic mountain god recitation,which accounts for a considerable proportion in Tibetan literary works.However,there are few studies on the Tibetan folk sacrificial rituals,especially the systematic study of the chanting and eulogy of Mountain God.Therefore,the author takes the chanting ceremony itself as the starting point,conducts in-depth research on the Tibetan mountain god cultural system mainly based on recitation and its rich cultural connotations.At the same time,the chanting and eulogy in the chanting ceremony are the main research objects,and combined with other mountain god chanting and related research results of predecessors,the cultural connotations of the chanting and eulogy are explored and elaborated in depth.Based on the theory of cultural evolution,this article analyzes the origin and characteristics of the eulogy for smoke offering in Tibetan Mountain God Sacrifice in different stages of development,and elaborates on their implicit artistic charm.