走出殖民主义:洛苏尔多的马克思主义自由观

Out of colonialism:Losurdo's Marxist viewpoint of freedom

殖民主义在当代并没有消亡,它与资本主义的自由主义生产方式伴生而行。多米尼克·洛苏尔多从哲学批判转向历史批判,以马克思主义的语言阐明了其针对殖民主义的自由观,在殖民主义尚存且现代人普遍不自由的社会背景下,他依托黑格尔的法哲学思想进入了马克思的历史唯物主义叙事之中。洛苏尔多指明自由的人应当是被全面承认的,这种自由建立在个体被压迫时所具备的反抗权之上,因而在资本主义历史中被压迫者争取承认的斗争实质上是合法追求自由的途径。将这一观点与马克思主义的阶级斗争理论相结合,洛苏尔多重塑了这一理论,以被承认为目的,一切关于自由解放的运动都可以被“复数形式”的阶级斗争所涵盖,阶级的概念事实上被拓展了。但他却走向了偏离马克思本人观点的消极自由,也没有实现对殖民主义经济逻辑的彻底批判。因此,马克思主义自由观的发展必须坚持马克思主义基本理论,在世界历史与现实之间的张力之中,既要以人为本,又须胸怀天下。

Colonialism,rather than disappearing in contemporary times,has evolved alongside the liberal capitalist mode of production.Domenico Losurdo shifted from philosophical critique to historical critique,elucidating through Marxist language the liberal view of freedom vis-à-vis colonialism.Under the social background where colonialism persists and modern individuals are generally unfree,he draws on Hegel's philosophy of law to approach Marx's narrative of historical materialism.Losurdo points out that true freedom should be universally recognized,rooted in the right of resistance possessed by individuals under oppression.Thus,the struggle for recognition by the oppressed in capitalist history is essentially a legitimate pursuit of freedom.By integrating this viewpoint with Marxist theory of class struggle,Losurdo,with being recognized as the goal,reshapes the theory so that the emancipation movements for freedom can all be covered in pluralistic forms of class struggle and the concept of class is actually expanded.However,he drifts towards a departure from Marx's own conception of negative liberty and fails to thoroughly critique the economic logic of colonialism.In light of his insight,the development of Marxist theories of freedom must adhere to the basic tenets of Marxism,and navigate the tension between world history and reality,emphasizing a human-centric approach while embracing a global perspective.