领域法视域下数字信用的犯罪治理

Governance of Digital Credit Crimes from the Perspective of Domain-specific Law

数字信用即信用的数字化,是利用数字技术进行信用信息的收集、使用、评价、管理和监管等活动,并由此形成的社会经济关系和制度规范。数字信用法益包含个体法益和公共法益两个层面,具有复合性和复杂性等特征,其具体内容包括:个人或组织权益、市场秩序、社会利益和公共安全。数字信用涉及各个部门法,需要从领域法视角加以规范。刑法中侵犯数字信用法益的犯罪呈现罪群式立法模式。从生态系统论角度,数字信用领域犯罪亦呈现生态化特征并形成“黑灰产”犯罪链,有必要对其进行生态化刑事治理。数字信用犯罪行为可分为征信主体侵犯个人信用信息权益、破坏市场信用评价竞争秩序、违背数字信用监督管理职责等类型,涉及侵犯公民个人信息罪、网络数据犯罪、损害商业信誉罪、非法经营罪、渎职罪、背信类犯罪等多种罪名。在多元化治理观念指引下,应当对数字信用犯罪主体失信惩戒措施的适用进行合理限制,完善失信人纠正后的信用信息修复机制,并对失信惩戒信用算法进行反向规制,从而构建和完善数字信用犯罪治理体系。

Digital credit refers to the digitization of credit,involving activities such as the collection,use,evaluation,management,and regulation of credit information through digital technology,all of which contribute to the formation of the socio-economic relations and institutional norms.The legal interests of digital credit are both individual and public of its nature,characterized by complexity and fusion.Its contents include personal or organizational rights,market order,social interests,and public safety.Digital credit intersects with various branches of law and requires regulation from the perspective of domain-specific law.In criminal law,offenses infringing on legal interests of digital credit present a cluster-type legislative model.From the perspective of ecosystem theory,crimes in the field of digital credit also present ecological characteristics and form a"black and grey"criminal chain,which makes it necessary to carry out ecological criminal governance.Digital credit offenses can be classified into such types as the violation of the rights and interests of personal credit information by credit collection subjects,the disruption of the competitive order of market credit evaluation,and the violations of the responsibility of digital credit supervision and management,involving a variety of offenses such as the crime of breaching citizens'personal information,the cyber data crime,the crime of damaging commercial reputation,the crime of illegal business operations,the crime of dereliction of duty,and the crime of breach of trust.Guided by the idea of diversified governance,it is essential to impose reasonable limits on the application of disciplinary measures for dishonest conduct by the digital credit crimes entities,improve the mechanisms for restoring credit information after the correction of the defaulter,and implement the credit algorithm for loss of trust and disciplinary measures in the reverse direction,so as to build and enhance the governance system of digital credit crimes.