生态破坏侵害私益的侵权法调整路径之检讨

A Review of the Adjustment Path of Tort Law in Ecological Damage Infringing on Private Interests

在生态环境法典编纂之际,在立法论上检讨现有规范的不合理之处是生态环境法典取得立法突破的前提,透彻的“破”能够为“立”指明方向。《中华人民共和国民法典》对生态破坏侵权的侵权法调整路径是将环境污染侵权规范扩大(类推)适用至生态破坏侵权。扩大(类推)适用对象与原对象之间应在影响法律评价的方面相一致。环境污染侵权构成要件的特殊之处,即无过错责任和因果关系推定,根源于污染行为的危险性和间接性。生态破坏行为整体上并不具有危险性和间接性,不具有整体类推环境污染侵权规范的合理性。整体类推反映了以环境问题逻辑代替法律逻辑的立法思维问题,而且缺乏类推的司法和理论基础。对生态破坏侵权的侵权法调整路径需要改进。侵权法的规范对象是形态具体的侵权行为,描述宏观结果的生态破坏不宜整体作为侵权法调整对象,法官应该根据具体生态破坏行为的特点确定调整路径,对于直接侵权的案型应适用一般侵权规范,对于具有高危险的地下挖掘行为可适用高度危险侵权规范,对具体生态破坏行为的全面类型化需待后续研究。

At the time of codifying the ecological environment code,reviewing the irrationality of the existing norms is a prerequisite for the code to achieve a legislative breakthrough,and a thorough"breakthrough"can point the way for"establishment".The path of tort law adjustment of the Civil Code to the tort of ecological damage is to extend(by analogy)the norms of the tort of environmental pollution to the tort of ecological damage.The extended(analogous)application should be consistent with the original object in terms of affecting the legal evaluation.The special features of the elements of the environmental pollution tor are no-fault liability and the presumption of causality.They are rooted in the dangerous and indirect nature of the polluting behavior.Ecological damage behavior as a whole is not dangerous and indirect,does not have the overall analogy of environmental pollution tort norms of reasonableness.The overall analogy reflects the logic of environmental problems instead of the logic of the law of legislative thinking,and the lack of analogical judicial and theoretical basis.Tort law adjustment path for ecological damage torts needs to be improved.Tort law is the normative object of the form of specific torts,describing the macro results of ecological damage is not suitable as a whole as the object of adjustment of tort law,the judge should be based on the characteristics of the specific behavior to determine the adjustment path,for the direct infringement of the type of case should be applied to the general tort norms,for the underground excavation of a high risk of highly dangerous torts can be applied to the norms.The comprehensive typology of specific behavior needs to be followed up.