全球农业国家多维度可持续生计评估与提升策略

Multi⁃dimensional Assessment and Promotion Strategies of Sustainable Livelihood in Global Agricultural Countries

生计主要包括政策保障、能力和资产三个维度。生计是人类生存之本,了解生计状况是评估人类福祉、开展社会治理的基础,特别是在人类生产生活受环境影响强烈的农业国家。然而,目前广泛使用的可持续生计、恢复力生计和脆弱性生计等评估框架,时常将不同维度的生计指标混淆在一起,制约了对生计问题的全面认识以及针对性的政策制定。研究借鉴了Carney对生计的定义,以“生计”和“对生计的保障”为出发点,构建了一个新的多层级、多维度的可持续生计评估框架,包括政策保障(国家层面的可持续性)、能力(个体层面的可持续性)和资产三个维度,共计16个指标,开展全球农业国家多维度可持续生计评估与提升策略研究。结果表明:(1)2019年全球农业国家可持续生计状况整体良好,但各维度得分差异较大,政策维度平均(57.72±14.68)分,能力维度平均(76.67±20.32)分,资产维度平均(18.41±13.01)分;(2)从2001至2019年的进展来看,能力维度的进展相对突出(平均增加17.46分),政策和资产维度的进展几乎停滞(平均增加0.97分和1.77分);(3)不同收入水平国家的可持续生计状况存在显著差异,欧洲等高收入国家的生计状况显著优于其它地区((65.77±7.70)分,P<0.001),非洲等低收入国家的生计状况较差((37.24±9.10)分,P<0.001);(4)中低收入国家应加大教育投入、提升居民生计能力,低收入国家应加强政策保障,具体包括完善公共设施、改善公共卫生、降低失业率、提供技能培训等。多数非洲国家的政策维度发展停滞不前甚至出现倒退,影响居民的能力发展和资产积累,进而严重制约其生计的可持续性,决策者应予以重视。通过区分生计的不同维度,研究全面分析了不同发展阶段国家可持续生计面临的具体挑战,因地制宜地提出了政策建议,为全球可持续生计研究提供了新思路。

Livelihoods encompass three primary dimensions:policy security,ability,and assets.Livelihoods is essential for human survival,understanding the state of people′s livelihoods is essential for human well⁃being and social governance,particularly in agricultural countries whose social and economic systems are strongly influenced by the environment.However,previous assessment frameworks,including sustainable livelihoods,resilient livelihoods,and vulnerable livelihoods,often confuse different dimensions of livelihood indicators.This could impede a comprehensive understanding of the regional shortcomings as well as the policymaking toward sustainable livelihood.Following Carney′s conceptualization of livelihoods and taking"livelihoods"and"livelihood security"as a starting point,this study proposed a novel muti⁃level and multi⁃dimensional sustainable livelihood assessment framework,including 16 indicators across three dimensions⁃policy security(sustainability at the national level),ability(sustainability at the individual level),and assets.On this basis,we comprehensively evaluated the sustainable livelihood of global agricultural countries and proposed policy recommendations.Results show that:(1)the overall sustainable livelihood status of global agricultural countries was good in 2019,whereas significant disparities existed across three dimensions,with an average score of(57.72±14.68)points for policy security,(76.67±20.32)points for ability,and(18.41±13.01)points for assets;(2)in terms of the progress from 2001 to 2019,the ability dimension was relatively outstanding(average increase of 17.46 points),while the policy and asset dimensions were almost stagnant(an average increase of 0.97 and 1.77 points,respectively);(3)sustainable livelihood status was also significantly different across income levels,with high⁃income countries such as European countries exhibiting higher scores than other countries(65.77±7.70,P<0.001),while low⁃income countries such as those in Africa had the lowest scores(37.24±9.10,P<0.001);(4)further analyses suggested that lower⁃middle⁃income countries should focus on education to improve their residents′livelihood abilities,while low⁃income countries should pay more attention to policymaking by improving public facilities,improving public health,reducing unemployment rate,and providing skill training.Notably,stagnation or regression in the performance of policy dimensions in most African countries may influence the ability and assets development of population,finally strongly impede their sustainable livelihoods,which calls for urgent policy attention.Overall,by separating different livelihood dimensions,this study delves deeper into specific sustainable livelihood challenges faced by countries at varying developmental stages and facilitates tailored policy recommendations,thereby offering novel insights for global sustainable livelihood research.