鲁西南不同降水年型对冬小麦生长及产量的影响

Effects of Different Precipitation Year Types on Growth and Yield of Winter Wheat in Southwest Shandong Province

基于2021—2023年鲁西南地区冬小麦生育期间的气象数据,结合菏泽市小麦的大田调查资料,采用相关分析法、典型案例解析法、对比分析法,分析了不同生育期间的月降水量对冬小麦生育期、产量因子、生长状态等的影响。结果表明:在鲁西南麦区,小麦返青期与前期月降水量的相关性均呈负相关,且1—2月累计降水量与返青期的相关性达显著性检验;成熟期与1月降水量呈负相关,与2—4月累计降水量呈正相关。2021年夏季、秋季异常偏多的降水量造成了农田土壤墒情上升,小麦播期较常年推迟约20 d,越冬时冬前积温偏少,冬小麦旺苗、分蘖数、大蘖数及次生根均偏少,拔节后降水异常偏少,但由于农田底墒好,小麦后期的长势良好。2022年小麦在适宜播期内播种,气象条件对小麦生长有利,产量因子明显高于2021年,但在灌浆成熟期,降水较常年偏多,影响了小麦灌浆和成熟,导致小麦的千粒重下降,小麦容重明显低于2022年。冬前的农田底墒对小麦后期产量的形成较为关键,灌浆成熟期降水偏多对小麦产量的形成、品质的不利影响较大。因此,应根据气象条件采取更为科学有效的田间管理措施,以降低冬小麦可能受到的不利影响。

Based on the meteorological data of winter wheat growth period in southwest Shandong Province from 2021 to 2023,combined with the wheat field survey data of the whole city,the effects of monthly precipitation during different growth periods on the growth period,yield factors and growth state of winter wheat were analyzed by correlation analysis method,typical case analysis and comparative analysis methods.The results showed that in southwest Shandong wheat region,the correlation between wheat regreening stage and previous monthly precipitation was negative,and the correlation between accumulated precipitation from January to February and regreening stage reached a significant test.The maturity stage was negatively correlated with precipitation in January,and positively correlated with accumulated precipitation from February to April.In 2021,the unusually high precipitation in summer and autumn increased the soil moisture in farmland,and the sowing date of wheat was delayed by about 20 days compared with the normal years.Due to the low accumulated temperature before winter,the number of tall seedlings,tiller number,large tiller number and secondary rooting of winter wheat were less in winter,and the abnormal precipitation after jointing was less.However,due to the good soil moisture in farmland,wheat grew well in the later period.In 2022,wheat was sown during the suitable sowing period,the meteorological conditions were favorable to wheat growth,and the yield factor was significantly better than that in 2021.However,at the filling and maturation stage,more precipitation occurred than usual,affecting wheat filling and ripening,resulting in a decrease in wheat 1000-grain weight and significantly lower wheat bulk density than in 2022.The soil moisture in the field before winter is the key to the formation of wheat yield at the later stage,and more precipitation at the filling and maturity stage has a greater adverse effect on the formation and quality of wheat yield.More scientific and effective field management measures should be taken to reduce the possible adverse effects on winter wheat according to meteorological conditions.