整体性保护理念下西汉时期陵邑营建的多尺度空间组织与表现

Multi-scalar Spatial Organization and Representation of Mausoleum Towns of the Western Han Dynasty Under the Concept of Holistic Protection

西汉高祖至宣帝时于京畿生发出环拱都城的11座陵邑,不仅为是时陵寝不可分割的组成部分,也是畿辅区内的关键城镇。陵邑营建以奉陵为首要职能,并满足人居需要,因此据立地条件而灵活调适。而对王朝时政变化与维稳目标的因应,使其于畿辅区体系化呈现。运用二重证据与图示分析方法,回溯陵邑营建的人文、自然情境,从京畿整体、园邑一体、城邑本体视角解析其营建组织与表现。陵邑群的有序建设回应京畿发展意图,旨在组织以都城为核心的畿辅城镇体系。而诸陵邑于陵区中的安置与规格深受陵园影响,但又积极协调以实现“奉陵”“邑居”功能平衡与皇家威严。诸陵邑在遵循丧葬礼仪基础上在地营建,据地宜构建其城壕形态与功能布局。西汉陵邑多尺度的组织表现不仅展现早期城邑营建的整体意识与适地观念,启示着西汉长安大遗址区空间整体保护的迫切性,还生动注脚西汉帝陵的历史意义与遗产价值。

At the great national archaeological site in Xi’an,there is a wealth of cultural heritage,among which,the mausoleums representative of the Western Han Dynasty serves as an important window for exploring the historical development of the dynasty.The multi-scalar spatial organization and representation of cities surrounding mausoleum of the Western Han Dynasty not only reflect the concept of integral development of early cities based on local conditions but also had the promotion effects on maintaining political stability,sustaining imperial power,and developing the framework for the capital city of Western Han Dynasty.Studying 11 mausoleum towns built for the emperors and their relatives during the Western Han Dynasty,using the methods of dual evidence and graphic analysis,and reviewing archaeological information and historical records and literature,this paper reconstructs the cultural and natural contexts before developing a spatial model to simulate the historical and geographical features of the imperial capital area of Western Han Dynasty in accordance to the historical development of the dynasty.Moreover,from the perspectives of the imperial capital area as a whole,the mausoleum integrated with its surrounding town,and the mausoleum town itself,this paper analyzes the organization and representation of the mausoleum town driven by its balanced,multifunctional roles.This study reveals that by building the mausoleum town,people were evacuated and protection was provided around Chang’an so that a system wherein the capital city would serve as the center of the Guanzhong Plain with surrounding cities providing auxiliary functions could be established.The mausoleum town were developed at different times at different locations in a well-organized manner,corresponding to the development plan for the capital city.Moreover,each mausoleum-surrounding city was consistently built in accordance with local environmental conditions.With their flexible site selection and adjustable sizes,the cities are integrated organically with the mausoleum as a unified visual identity to create royal temperament,and embody ancient wisdom in maintaining the balance between two functions of the city,namely,to worship the mausoleum and urban living.Under the influence of mausoleumrelated rites and rituals,many mausoleum towns had a rectangular layout with the most prestigious residents occupying the northern part of the city,which was divided into different districts by alleyways.However,when the moat and road networks of the cities were constructed and their different functions were designed,environmental factors which had negative impacts on the construction work were avoided or removed,showing a tendency to adapt the construction work to local conditions and requirements.This study reveals the urgency to holistically preserve the space of the great archaeological site of Chang’an of the Western Han Dynasty,and shows that mausoleum towns should not be ignored when preserving and interpreting the value of emperors’mausoleum of the Western Han Dynasty so that true historical information and important cultural implications of the emperors’mausoleum of Western Han Dynasty can be conveyed to the public.