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论软法的实施机制——以人工智能伦理规范为例

Implementation Mechanisms of Soft Law:Take the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence as Example
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摘要 软法的广泛存在,并不意味着其切实地得到了遵守和执行。人工智能领域的软法——人工智能伦理规范——被证明存在“实效赤字”,其原因在于:人工智能伦理规范的非强制性,抽象性、模糊性,分散、混乱与叠床架屋,自愿遵守的动力不足,合规悖论,社会系统论困境,以及人工智能发展压倒约束的宿命论。但人工智能伦理规范因其灵活快捷性、多样适配性、合作试验性、事实压力性、跨国适用性而仍然有独特价值。经验研究表明,组织机制、合规压力机制、合规激励机制、技术方法论机制、基准机制以及软硬法互动机制,可推动软法的间接实施。价值共识与经济逻辑的结合、内在理由和外在推动的结合,是软法获得更多实效之道。 Soft law's widespread existence does not mean it is complied with and implemented.The soft law in AI,the AI ethics code,has been proved to have an“effectiveness deficit”,which owes to a variety of features of AI ethics such as unenforceability,abstractness and vagueness,diffusion,overlap,and confusion,and to other reasons like companies having little incentive for compliance,the paradox of compliance in some cases,predicaments disclosed by social system theories,and the determinist approach to AI development.However,AI ethics still have unique values because of their flexibility and agility,multiplicity and adaptivity,cooperativeness and experimentalism,de facto pressures,and cross-jurisdictional applicability.Empirical studies have demonstrated that AI soft law can be implemented indirectly through a set of mechanisms in terms of organization,pressures for compliance,incentives for compliance,technological methodology,specifications,and interaction of soft and hard law.A more general conclusion shall be drawn that soft law can acquire much effectiveness by combining the value consensus and the economic logic,and by combining the internal reasons and the external impetus as well.
作者 沈岿 Shen Kui
机构地区 北京大学法学院
出处 《财经法学》 CSSCI 2024年第6期108-127,共20页 Law and Economy
关键词 软法 人工智能 伦理规范 实施机制 软法实效 soft law artificial intelligence ethics implementation mechanism effectiveness of soft law
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