同治年间清政府对新疆蒙古族的治理政策探微

Exploration of Qing Ruling Policy towards Mongols in Xinjiang in the Years of Tongzhi

十九世纪六七十年代,新疆面临内忧外患的危机。这一时期,清王朝对新疆蒙古族的治理措施主要有五个方面:例行赏赐,拉拢蒙古族贵族;保留军府制,因俗而治,任用蒙古族官员;进行无力的抚恤救济;安置游牧各部落民众;利用蒙古族人民镇压起义。蒙古族对这些治理措施的回应主要有四个方面的表现:拒绝出兵去镇压起义;向清政府追讨欠银,索要俸饷;厄鲁特对清政府安插(置)政策的反对;蒙古族反抗纳捐,不满清政府的压榨。蒙古族对清王朝治理政策进行相应回应的原因主要有五个方面:清王朝实行专制的统治政策,不得民心;蒙古族地区实行清政府管理下的札(下文亦作“扎”)萨克制,封建剥削压迫重;清政府的官吏无能,不能保境安民;清朝军府制体系的瓦解,权力式微,无法形成有效的地方管理;清政府国家意识的淡薄,导致民族受苦受难。但与清政府形成鲜明反差的是,新疆蒙古族人民已凸显出反封建反侵略的爱国意识。

In the 1960s and 1970s,Xinjiang faced a crisis of internal and external troubles.The Qing ruling measures over the Mongols in Xinjiang mainly included five aspects:routine rewards and wooing of Mongolian nobles;Retaining the military government system,governing according to customs,and heavily relying on Mongolian officials;Providing powerless compensation and relief;Placement of nomadic people from various tribes;Utilize the Mongolian people to suppress uprisings.The response of Mongolian people to these ruling measures mainly manifested in four aspects:refusing to send troop to suppress uprising;demanding payment of outstanding debts and salaries from Qing government;?let opposition to Qing settlement of people;Mongolian people rebelled against donations and opposed Qing oppression.We analyzed the reasons for Mongol response to Qing policies mentioned above mainly in five aspects:Qing government implemented authoritarian policies that did not win the hearts of the people;the Jasag feudal system implemented in Mongolian region under the management of Qing government implemented heavy feudal exploitation and oppression.The Qing officials were incompetent and unable to protect the country and the people.The collapse of Qing military system,decline of power,and the inability to form effective local management;The weak national consciousness of Qing led to suffering and hardship of the nation.But in sharp contrast to the Qing government,Mongolian people have shown a patriotic consciousness of anti feudalism and anti aggression.