落后国家社会主义建设的时代之问——列宁晚年的思想演进与理论反思

The Question of the Era of Socialist Construction in Backward Countries——Lenin's Thought Evolution and Theoretical Reflection in His Late Years

列宁晚年思想的演进历经三个阶段和一次伟大飞跃。在领导俄国人民进行社会主义建设和实行新政策的变革中,列宁面临着“什么是社会主义”的理论疑难和“如何建设社会主义”的实践困惑。这主要表现在三个重大问题上,即商品经济是否为社会主义的异己力量、社会主义建设是否可以运用渐进的改良的方式和平展开、究竟有无“纯社会主义形式”等。在实践基础上产生的这种理论疑难,推动其思想不断向前发展并实现了理论飞跃,但仍然遗留了关于社会主义建设的“未解之谜”。随着我国改革开放的发展和思想解放的深化,列宁晚年所遭遇的理论疑难正逐渐被澄清和解答,这一过程虽未完结,但其所达到的思想高度则大大超越了列宁那个时代。

The thought evolution of Lenin's late years went through three stages and a great leap.In the process of leading the Russian people to carry out socialist construction and the reform of implementing new policies,Lenin faced the theoretical problem of"what is socialism"and the practical puzzle of"how to build socialism".It is mainly manifested in three major issues,namely whether the commodity economy is an alien force to socialism,whether socialist construction can be peacefully carried out through gradual improvement,and whether there is a"pure socialist form".The theoretical difficulties that arise on the basis of practice have driven the continuous development of his ideas and achieved theoretical leaps,but still leave"unsolved mysteries"about socialist construction.With the development of China's reform and opening up and the deepening of ideological liberation,the theoretical difficulties encountered by Lenin in his late years are gradually being clarified and answered.Although the process is not yet completed,the ideological height he reached far exceeds that of Lenin's era.