有机肥与氮肥配施对土壤氮素转化及冬小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响

Effects of Combined Application of Organic Fertilizer and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Nitrogen Transformation in Soil and Grain Yield and Quality of Winter Wheat

为探究有机肥与化肥配施比例对土壤氮素转化及冬小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响,通过连续两个生长季的定点试验,设置不施肥(CK)、不施氮肥(N0)、施氮肥(N180,180 kg·hm^(-2))、25%有机肥替代氮肥(T25)、50%有机肥替代氮肥(T50)和100%有机肥替代氮肥(T100)6个处理,分析不同处理下麦田土壤氮含量、氮转化酶活性、小麦产量及小麦籽粒中铵态氮、硝态氮、蛋白质、游离氨基酸、谷氨酰胺和天冬酰胺含量的差异。结果表明,与N180处理相比,T25、T50和T100处理降低了0~20和20~40 cm土层铵态氮含量,T50处理显著增加0~20和20~40 cm土层硝态氮含量。与CK和N180处理相比,施有机肥能提高表层土壤有机氮含量。T25、T50和T100处理均提高了土壤脲酶、蛋白酶、硝酸还原酶和亚硝酸还原酶的活性。T50处理下小麦产量、籽粒铵态氮含量、蛋白质含量、谷氨酰胺含量和天冬酰胺含量均最高。综上,在豫北潮土小麦种植区,50%有机肥替代氮肥可以促进土壤氮素转化并有效提高冬小麦产量和营养品质。

To investigate the effect of the ratio of organic fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer on soil nitrogen transformation and winter wheat grain yield and quality,a two-growth season field experiment was conducted.Six treatments were set up in Yuanyang county,Henan,including no fertilization(CK),no nitrogen fertilization(N0),conventional nitrogen fertilization(N180),25%nitrogen substituted with organic fertilizer(T25),50%nitrogen substituted with organic fertilizer(T50),and 100%nitrogen substituted with organic fertilizer(T100).The differences in soil nitrogen content,nitrogen conversion enzyme activity,wheat yield,and ammonium nitrogen,nitrate nitrogen,protein,free amino acids,glutamine,and asparagine in wheat grains were analyzed under different treatments.The results showed that compared to the N180 treatment,T25,T50,and T100 treatments decreased soil ammonium contents,and T50 treatment significantly increased nitrate content in 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil layers.Compared to CK and N180 treatments,organic fertilization increased soil organic nitrogen content in topsoil.T25,T50,and T100 treatments both increased the activity of soil urease,protease,nitrate reductase,and nitrite reductase.The wheat yield and the contents of ammonium,protein,glutamine and asparagine in wheat grain were highest under T50 treatment.In summary,in the wheat planting area of northern Henan,50%nitrogen reduction by chemical fertilizer combined with 50%organic fertilizer can promote soil nitrogen conversion and improve wheat yield and quality effectively.