氮肥管理及氮素形态对强筋冬小麦产量、品质及氮肥利用效率的影响

Effects of Nitrogen Management and Form on Yield,Processing Quality and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Strong Gluten Winter Wheat

为研究氮肥管理模式及形态对强筋小麦植株生长、籽粒蛋白及产量的影响,选用强筋小麦品种师栾02-1在河北省柏乡县进行田间试验,在相同形态氮肥(尿素)下设置不施氮肥、施氮总量270 kg·hm^(-2)+基追比1∶1、施氮总量210 kg·hm^(-2)+基追比1∶1、施氮总量150 kg·hm^(-2)+基追比1∶1、施氮总量210 kg·hm^(-2)+基追比1∶2和施氮总量210 kg·hm^(-2)+基追比1∶3六种氮肥管理模式,以及在相同施氮模式下(施氮总量240 kg·hm^(-2)+基追比1∶1)设置三种形态氮素(硝态氮、铵态氮、酰胺态氮),分析不同氮肥施用量、基追比例及氮素形态条件下强筋冬小麦产量、加工品质和氮肥利用效率的差异。结果表明,氮肥用量、基追比例和氮素形态对小麦产量和加工品质均影响显著。在相同氮素形态和基追比情况下,在0~270 kg·hm^(-2)范围内,小麦穗数和千粒重随施氮量的增大分别呈增加和降低趋势。在相同总施氮量下,随追施比例的增加,小麦穗数、千粒重和氮肥农学效率均先升后降,且以基追比1∶2最大。与铵态氮和酰胺态氮相比,施用硝态氮可显著提高穗数、氮肥吸收效率及氮肥农学效率。利用主成分分析法将小麦加工品质指标分为蛋白质质量因子和磨粉质量因子,粗蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量等蛋白质质量因子均随施氮量的增大而增加,基追比为1∶2时施氮对小麦加工品质提升效应最大,施用铵态氮时小麦加工品质性状最优但产量较低,硝态氮肥和酰胺态氮肥对产量和品质的效应无明显差异。综上所述,氮肥施用量为210 kg·hm^(-2)、基追比为1∶2且为硝态氮,是强筋冬小麦实现高产、提质、增效协同的最佳氮肥管理模式。

To study the effects of N management and N form on plant growth,grain yield,and protein content of strong gluten wheat,a field experiment was conducted in Baixiang county,Hebei Province,and a strong gluten wheat cultivar Shiluan 02-1 was used in this study.Six N management treatments were set up under the same N form(Urea):CK,N amount 270 kg·hm^(-2)+N ratio 1∶1(the ratio of base and dressing nitrogen),N amount 210 kg·hm^(-2)+N ratio 1∶1,N amount 150 kg·hm^(-2)+N ratio 1∶1,N amount 210 kg·hm^(-2)+N ratio 1∶2,and N amount 210 kg·hm^(-2)+N ratio 1∶3.There were three N form treatments in the same N management(N amount 240 kg·hm^(-2)+N ratio 1∶1):nitrate N fertilizer(NO_(3)^(-)-N),ammonium N fertilizer(NH 4+-N)and amide N fertilizer(urea)to analyze the difference effects of N amount,N ratio and N form on the yield,processing quality and N utilization of the strong gluten wheat.The results showed that there were significant effects of N amount,N ratio and N form on the wheat yield and processing quality.The spike number per area increased significantly,while the 1000-grain weight declined significantly with the increasing N application within 0-270 kg·hm^(-2)under the same N form and N ratio.Under the same N amount,the spike number per area,1000-grain weight and N agronomic efficiency of wheat increased first and then decreased with the increasing N ratio.When the N ratio was 1∶2,the three indicators all reached their maximum values.The spike number per area,N absorption efficiency,and N agronomic efficiency of wheat is significantly increased under NO_(3)^(-)-N treatment in comparison to the other two N form treatments.According to principal component analysis,the processing quality indices were classified into two categories:the protein quality factor and the milling quality factor.The grain crude protein content,wet gluten content and other protein quality factors all showed an increasing trend with the increasing of fertilizer dosage.When the N ratio was 1∶2,N application greatly enhanced the processing quality of wheat.The wheat quality is the best when the NH_(4)^(+)-N fertilizers were applied,however,the yield was the lowest.There was no significant difference for the effects of yield and the quality between urea and NO_(3)^(-)-N fertilizers treatments.Based on various indicators,the N amount(210 kg·hm^(-2)),the N ratio(1∶2)and N form(NO_(3)^(-)-N)were the optimal N management mode for the high yield,processing quality and synergistic effect of strong gluten winter wheat.