数字时代下女性作为“欲望客体”还是“观看主体”——基于萨特凝视理论的思考

Women as“Objects of Desire”or“Subjects of Viewing”in the Digital Era--Reflections based on Sartre's Theory of the Gaze

近年来,数字化环境加速女性主义风潮的流行,也推动“男性凝视”这一学术概念被公众挪用与广泛传播,成为用来对抗父权意识形态的话语符号,但在具体过程中发生了意涵的外延与异化,也引发女性作为“欲望客体”还是“观看主体”的话题争议。根据哲学家萨特的凝视理论:主体和他人之间必然存在一种凝视的“争夺”,他人的注视具有物化、毁灭自我存在的力量,因而女性虽然仍作为男性注视下的“欲望客体”,但其中存在假想“男性凝视”存在的可能,同时她们也作为“观看主体”凝视着男性,其凝视同样带有他者化、否定性的力量,从而打开了“男性凝视”话语的更多积极面向。

In recent years,the digital environment has accelerated the popularity of feminist trends,and has also promoted the public appropriation and widespread dissemination of the academic concept of the"male gaze."This concept has become a discourse symbol used to fight against patriarchal ideology.However,in the specific process,the extension and alienation of meaning have also caused controversy over whether women are"objects of desire"or"subjects of viewing."According to the philosopher Sartre's theory of the gaze,there must be a gaze"contention"between the subject and others.Others'gaze has the power to materialize and destroy their own existence.Thus,while women are still the"objects of desire"under the male gaze,there is the possibility of imagining the existence of"male gaze".At the same time,as"subjects of viewing",women also gaze at men,and their gaze carries the same power of othering and negation,thereby opening up more positive dimensions of the discourse of the"male gaze."