生物安全的秩序价值与刑法规制——以外来入侵物种犯罪的立法为切入

Order Value and Criminal Law Regulation in Biosecurity:From the Perspective of Invasive Alien Species Crime Legislation

生物安全蕴含着人民生命健康和生态系统稳定的可预期性,“秩序”由此成为其基本价值要素。外来入侵物种犯罪的增设,体现了刑法对生物安全“秩序”的积极回应和提前及全面保护。在刑法关注生物安全治理的背景下,自然犯与行政犯的分野对法益侵害说提出了前所未有的挑战,生物安全“法益”面临着“刑事政策的法益概念”式微和“理论学的法益概念”碰壁的难题。将侵犯生物安全秩序作为外来入侵物种犯罪的处罚根据,不仅有立法实践的佐证,更是禁止保护不足原则的必然要求和法律系统功能分化的必然结果。进而行政犯罪对“秩序”的选择,以及“法益”保护融合于“秩序”之中,更精准地体现了“秩序”在保护层级上具有优势地位和独立性的理论定位。将“秩序”作为外来入侵物种犯罪的处罚根据,其实践路径通过应罚性和需罚性的判断展开。其中,应罚性判断涉及“违反国家规定”要素所划定的生物安全秩序范围和行为人对“秩序”规范认知错误的不可避免性;需罚性判断涉及由行为人侵犯秩序的程度和次数所体现的预防必要性。

Biosecurity embodies the predictability for people’s health and ecosystem stability,making“order”a fundamental value element.The addition of invasive alien species crime reflects criminal law’s proactive response to biosecurity“order”and its early,comprehensive protection.In the context of criminal law’s involvement in biosecurity governance,the challenges posed by the distinction between natural crimes and statutory crimes to the doctrine of legal interests infringement become even more apparent.The“legal interests”in biosecurity faces limitations and challenges as“the concept of legal interests in criminal policy”shows inadequacies,while“the concept of legal interests in theoretical”encounters significant obstacles.Treating the violation of biosecurity order as the basis for punishing invasive alien species crime is not only confirmed by legislative practice but also an inevitable requirement of the principle of prohibiting insufficient protection and a result of the functional differentiation of legal systems.Furthermore,the choice of“order”for statutory crimes,and the integration of“legal interest”protection into“order”,more accurately reflects the theoretical positioning of“order”as having an advantageous position and independence in the protection hierarchy.Using“order”as the basis for punishing invasive alien species crime,the practical approach unfolds through deservedness of punishment and necessity of punishment.The deservedness of punishment judgment involves the scope of biosecurity order defined by the element of“violating national regulations”and the unavoidability of the offender’s cognitive errors regarding“order”norms.The necessity of punishment judgment includes the preventive necessity reflected by the severity and frequency of the offender’s violations of the order.