贺兰山矿区生态修复的乡土植物资源 适生性验证与开发价值评价

Adaptability Verification and Development Value Evaluation of Native Plant Resources for Ecological Restoration in Helan Mountain Mining Area

矿山生态环境修复是当前恢复生态学领域关注的热点之一,在植被恢复方面乡土植物因较高的生态适应性和较低维护成本受到重视,但是乡土植物资源开发利用与产业化研究明显滞后。在贺兰山矿区对27个具有生态修复价值的乡土植物开展了大规模种植试验,对其适生性进行验证,并对其开发价值进行综合评价。结果表明:受土质、热量、干旱与盐碱等条件制约,用于贺兰山矿区的乡土植物种类选择范围较小;草本乡土植物白茎盐生草、猪毛菜、沙蒿等适生乡土植物具有先锋植物特征,属于r对策植物,生活史短、种子结实量大,对矿区生境适应性强,构建的人工植被在雨养条件下部分区域植被盖度可达80%;灌木乡土植物酸枣和红砂在贺兰山浅山地带和洪积扇占优势,但在高海拔地区因所需温度条件不足,无法用于较高海拔的贺兰山矿区修复。按照物种材料、种植方式、出苗/生长状况、种子可获得性、商品化价值等指标综合评价,应重点推广的乡土灌草植物有灰榆、沙冬青、蒙古扁桃、柽柳、白茎盐生草、猪毛菜、沙蒿、沙打旺等。上述乡土植物在矿渣土中出苗率或成活率高,可商品化/产业化程度也较高,特别适合作为北方旱区矿山植被恢复的优先选择物种。

Mine ecological environment restoration is one of the hot spots in the field of restoration ecology.In the aspect of vegetation restoration,native plants have been paid more attention because of their high ecological adaptability and low maintenance cost,but the research on the development,utilization and industrialization of native plant resources lags behind significantly.Large-scale planting experiments were carried out on 27 native plants with ecological restoration value in Helan Mountain mining area to verify their suitability and comprehensively evaluate their development value.The results showed that the selection range of native plant species in Helan Mountain mining area was limited by soil quality,heat,drought and salinity.The native herbaceous plants such as Halogeton arachnoideus,Salsola collina,Artemisia blepharolepis,have the characteristics of pioneer plants and belong to the r strategy plants.They have short life history,large seed bearing capacity and strong adaptability to the mining habitat.The vegetation coverage of the constructed artificial vegetation can reach 80%in some areas under the condition of rain cultivation.Shrubby native plant Ziziphus jujuba var.spinosa and Reaumuria soongarica are dominant in the shallow mountain zone and the diluvial fan of Helan Mountain,but in the high altitude area due to the lack of required temperature conditions,they can not be used for the restoration of the higher altitude Helan Mountain mining area.According to the comprehensive evaluation of species materials,planting methods,seedling/growth status,seed availability,commercialization value and other indicators,the native shrub plants that should be promoted mainly include Ulmus glaucescens,Ammopiptanthus mongolicus,Amygdalus mongolica,Halogeton arachnoideus,Salsola collina,Artemisia blepharolepis.These native plants have high seedling emergence rate or survival rate in slag soil,and can be commercialized/industrialized,which is especially suitable as the preferred species for mining vegetation restoration in northern arid regions.