导航辅助全膝关节置换应用功能学对线恢复患者固有生理力线和关节线倾角

Navigation-assisted total knee arthroplasty using functional alignment restores constitutional alignment and joint line obliquity

背景:机械轴对线是全膝关节置换术中的“金标准”对线技术,但是无论假体材料和导航机器人辅助技术如何发展,应用机械轴对线的全膝关节置换后仍存在20%左右的患者不满意率。目的:探讨导航辅助全膝关节置换过程中应用功能学对线的早期疗效。方法:回顾性分析2019年10月至2023年6月连续44例(50膝)行计算机导航辅助全膝关节置换术中应用功能学对线的患者资料,男12例(14膝),女32例(36膝);选择同期同一手术团队行导航辅助全膝关节置换术中应用机械轴对线的46例(50膝)连续病例作为对照,男5例(5膝),女41例(45膝)。观察两组顾患者胫骨侧截骨角度、胫骨平台截骨量、股骨侧截骨角度、股骨远端、后方及前方截骨量、关节线移动情况;对比术前、术后屈曲和伸直间隙内外侧松弛度、髋-膝-踝角、股骨远端机械轴外侧角、胫骨近端机械轴内侧角、关节汇聚角、矢状面股骨组件角、胫骨后倾角、算术髋-膝-踝角、关节线倾角、膝关节冠状面力线分型、西安大略和麦克马斯特大学骨关节炎指数、美国特种外科医院评分及膝关节遗忘评分。结果与结论:①功能学对线组术中胫骨平台截骨角度大于机械轴对线组,间隙不平衡比例(2%)小于机械轴对线组(18%),差异均有显著性意义(P<0.05);②术后功能学对线组髋-膝-踝角、胫骨近端机械轴内侧角、算术髋-膝-踝角、关节线倾角小于机械轴对线组,差异均有显著性意义(P<0.05);③术前最常见的膝关节冠状面力线分型是Ⅰ型(功能学对线组80%,机械轴对线组42%);④术后功能学对线组关节线倾角<177°比例为44%,大于机械轴对线组的14%;⑤功能学对线组术后1,6个月及末次随访美国特种外科医院评分高于机械轴对线组,差异均有显著性意义(P<0.05);功能学对线组术后1个月西安大略和麦克马斯特大学骨关节炎指数低于机械轴对线组,差异有显著性意义(t=-2.85,P=0.005);两组术后膝关节活动度及膝关节遗忘评分相比差异均无显著性意义(P>0.05);⑥提示导航辅助全膝关节置换应用功能学对线能够优化早期临床疗效;与机械轴对线相比,功能学对线在恢复患者固有生理力线和关节线倾角、避免软组织松解方面更具优势。

BACKGROUND:Mechanical alignment is the“gold standard”alignment technique in total knee arthroplasty,but regardless of advances in prosthetic materials and robotic-assisted navigation,mechanical alignment-total knee arthroplasty still has a patient dissatisfaction rate of about 20%.OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the early efficacy of navigation-assisted total knee arthroplasty using functional alignment.METHODS:A total of 44 consecutive cases(50 knees)that underwent computer navigation-assisted total knee arthroplasty with functional alignment from October 2019 to June 2023 were retrospectively analyzed,including 12 males(14 knees)and 32 females(36 knees).A total of 46 consecutive cases(50 knees)that underwent navigation-assisted total knee arthroplasty with mechanical axis alignment by the same surgical team during the same period were selected as controls,including 5 males(5 knees)and 41 females(45 knees).The tibial osteotomy angle,tibial plateau osteotomy amount,femoral osteotomy angle,distal femoral,posterior and anterior osteotomy amount,and joint line movement were observed in the two groups of patients.Preoperative and postoperative flexion and extension gap internal and external laxity,hip-knee-ankle angle,mechanical lateral distal femoral angle,mechanical medial proximal tibial angle,joint line convergence angle,sagittal femoral component angle,posterior tibial slope,arithmetic hip-knee-ankle angle,joint line obliquity,coronal plane alignment of the knee classification,Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index,and Hospital for Special Surgery score and forgotten joint score were compared between the two groups.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)The intraoperative tibial plateau osteotomy angle in the functional alignment group was greater than that in the mechanical axis alignment group,and the proportion of gap imbalance(2%)was smaller than that in the mechanical axis alignment group(18%).The differences were all significant(P<0.05).(2)The hip-knee-ankle angle,mechanical medial proximal tibial angle,arithmetic hip-knee-ankle angle,and joint line obliquity in the functional alignment group were smaller than those in the mechanical axis alignment group postoperatively,and the differences were significant(P<0.05).(3)The most common coronal plane alignment of the knee classification before surgery was type I(80%in the functional alignment group and 42%in the mechanical axis alignment group).(4)The proportion of joint line obliquity<177°(44%)in the functional alignment group was greater than that in the mechanical axis alignment group(14%)postoperatively.(5)Hospital for Special Surgery score at 1 month,6 months,and last follow-up after surgery was higher in the functional alignment group than that in the mechanical axis alignment group;the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index 1 month after surgery was lower in the functional alignment group than that in the mechanical axis alignment group;the difference was statistically significant(t=-2.85,P=0.005).There was no significant difference in postoperative range of motion and forgotten joint score between the two groups(P>0.05).(6)It is indicated that navigation-assisted total knee arthroplasty using functional alignment optimizes early clinical efficacy.The functional alignment technique has advantages in restoration of constitutional alignment and joint line obliquity and avoids soft tissue release compared to mechanical alignment technique.