数据访问权的二元构造——以价值贡献和公共利益为构造基础

The Dual Structure of Data Access Rights --Based on Value Contribution and Public Interests

数据访问权是促进数据流通、发掘数据潜在价值的重要制度。欧盟作为访问权制度设计的先行者,通过《数据法案》确立用户对数据的直接访问权和数据携带权,规定用户使用和分享数据的目的不得与数据持有者的竞争性利益相冲突。欧盟将用户的数据权利定位为基于数据生成关系的低位阶权利,仅能实现数据持有者与用户之间的权利分配,难以充分发挥数据在宏观社会资源配置中的价值。根据数据动态分类理论,按数据访问和使用目的所关联的利益对数据进行动态分类,并据此构建两类数据访问权:一是基于价值贡献的访问权;二是基于公共利益的访问权。基于价值贡献的访问权旨在促进数据资源的公平分配,当数据访问目的与数据共同生成者利益相关时,可根据贡献份额共享数据价值,如智能设备制造商利用设备生成数据提升产品质量。数据共同生成者可独立访问其贡献生成的数据,并以合法使用为目的,根据自身开发能力提取数据价值。基于公共利益的访问权旨在实现数据的社会化利用,允许非数据生成者在数据使用目的符合公共利益时访问和使用数据。基于公共利益的访问权可进一步细分为两种类型:一是市场失灵情形下旨在推动社会创新的数据访问权,此时数据持有者的售后市场参与者或补充服务提供者有权向具有潜在垄断地位的企业申请访问开发、发展售后和补充服务市场所必需的数据;二是非市场失灵情形下基于其他公共利益的数据访问权,此时可出于公众健康、科学进步等社会创新之外的其他公共利益而访问数据。数据访问权的具体设计需要平衡数据持有者的合法权益与数据共享所产生的社会利益,如通过限定数据使用目的、设置合理经济补偿等措施,提升数据资源利用的可持续性。

Data access rights are an important institution for promoting data circulation and uncovering the potential value of data.As a pioneer in the design of access rights systems,the European Union(EU)has established data access rights and data portability rights of users through the Data Act.It stipulates that the purpose of using and sharing of data must not conflict with the competitive interests of data holders.The EU positions data rights of users as subordinate rights based on the relationship of data generation,which can only achieve the allocation of interests between data holders and users,and it is difficult to fully leverage the value of data in the macro allocation of social resources.According to the dynamic classification theory of data,data should be dynamically classified based on the interests associated with data access and usage purposes,and two types of data access rights should be constructed accordingly:one is access rights based on value contribution;the other is access rights based on public interests.Access rights based on value contribution aim to promote the fair distribution of data resources;when the purpose of data access is related to the interests of co-generators of data,the value of data can be shared according to the share of contribution,such as smart device manufacturers using data generated by devices to improve product quality;and co-generators of data can independently access the data they contribute to generate and extract the value of data for legal use purposes,based on their own development capabilities.Access rights based on public interests aim to achieve the social use of data,allowing non data generators to access and use data when the purpose of data use is in line with the public interests.Access rights based on public interests can be further divided into two types:one is the data access right aimed at promoting social innovation in market failure situations,where data holders'aftermarket participants or complementary service providers have the right to apply to enterprises with a potential monopoly position for access to data necessary for the development and development of aftermarket and complementary service markets;the other is the data access right based on other public interests in non-market failure situations,where data can be accessed for other public interests beyond social innovation,such as public health and scientific progress.The specific design of data access rights needs to balance the legitimate rights and interests of data holders with the social benefits generated by data sharing,such as by limiting the purpose of data use and setting reasonable economic compensation to enhance the sustainability of data resource utilization.