中国刑法中共谋共同正犯理论的消解

The Resolution of the Complicity Co-perpetrators Theory in Chinese Criminal Law

共谋共同正犯是由日本判例创造出来的概念,主要为了实现对在共同犯罪中发挥重要作用的行为人的合理处罚。日本刑法理论从最初的反对到普遍的接受,实际上是问题性思考优先于体系性思考的结果。中国刑法理论对于共谋共同正犯概念的引进之争,本质上是关于中国共犯理论体系的选择之争。就理论体系的合理性而言,单一制不值得被采纳。德日的实质区分制在德日立法语境下有其必要性,但从中国的立法实际出发,没必要完全向其靠拢。双层区分制有其道理,在定罪阶段依托区分正犯与共犯的形式客观说来维护基本的法治国原则,进而合理划定入罪范围,在量刑阶段依靠刑法中规定的主犯从犯概念,实现共犯人的合理量刑。在此前提之下,共谋共同正犯概念在我国刑法理论中并无存在之必要。

The complicity co-perpetrators is a concept created by Japanese jurisprudence.The main purpose is to achieve reasonable punishment for actors who play an important role in joint crimes.The initial objection was changed to the universal acceptance of this concept in the Japanese criminal law theory,which signifies that,in fact,problem-oriented thinking takes precedence over systemic thinking.The dispute over the introduction of the concept of the complicity co-perpetrators in Chinese criminal law theory is essentially a dispute over the choice of the Chinese accomplice theory system.In terms of the rationality of the theoretical system,the unitary system is not worthy of being adopted.The substantive division system between Germany and Japan has its necessity in the context of German and Japanese legislation,but it is not necessary for Chinese legislation to move closer to it in light of China's actual legislative situation.The two-tier distinction system makes sense.At the conviction stage,the principle of distinguishing between offenders and accomplices is used to objectively maintain the basic rule of law,and then reasonably delineate the scope of the crime.At the sentencing stage,reasonable sentencing can be achieved relying on the concept of the principal offender and accomplices in the criminal law.Under this premise,the concept of the complicity co-perpetrators is not necessary in the Chinese theory of criminal law.