无接触型性侵儿童行为的刑法规制研究——《德国刑法典》第176a条之镜鉴

A Study on the Criminal Law Regulation of Non-Contact Sexual Abuse of Children——A Mirror of Article 176a of the German Criminal Code

近年来,学界对“网络猥亵”的热烈讨论,揭露了长期存在却未受重视的无接触型性侵儿童行为的刑事违法性判断难题。从司法实践中看,无接触型性侵儿童的构罪标准依然混乱。德国自1973年性刑法基本框架确立之始,便在立法与司法两个层面不断完善无接触型性侵儿童犯罪的治理思路。《德国刑法典》第176a条历经6次修改,无接触型性侵儿童行为的入罪范围不断扩张。德国联邦法院始终以法益在具体案件中的受影响情况为定罪标准、以儿童的未来成长为基本关怀。德国的立法变革与司法判例中均呈现出“以儿童为中心”的鲜明导向。与德国立法相比,我国的猥亵儿童罪承担了极重的治理任务,且法秩序结构要求对“猥亵”作行政法与刑法上的双重判定。为达成这一治理需求,应当将对儿童施加的、具有不当性影响的行为认定为“猥亵儿童行为”。猥亵儿童行为是否构成猥亵儿童罪,则应考察猥亵儿童罪的保护法益是否面临具体的危险。猥亵儿童罪的保护法益应当修正为“儿童的正常性发育”,无接触型性侵儿童行为若切实危及了儿童的正常性发育,即构成猥亵儿童罪。

In recent years,the heated discussion on"online obscenity"in academic circles has exposed the long-standing but neglected problem of judging the criminal illegality of non-contact sexual abuse of children.From the practical point of view,the criteria for the constitution of non-contact sexual abuse of children are still in confusion.Since the establishment of the basic framework of sexual criminal law in 1973,Germany has continuously improved the governance ideas of non-contact sexual assault on children at the legislative and judicial levels.Article 176a of the German Criminal Code has been revised six times,and the scope of non-contact sexual assault on children has been expanding.The German federal courts have always regarded the influence of legal interests in specific cases as the yardstick for conviction and the future growth of children as their basic concern.The legislative reform and judicial precedents in Germany all show a clear orientation of"child-centered".Compared with Germany,the crime of child molestation in China undertakes a very heavy task of governance,and the structure of legal order requires a double judgment of"obscenity"in administrative law and criminal law.In order to achieve this governance demand,the behavior that has improper influence on children should be regarded as"child molestation".Whether child molestation constitutes the crime of child molestation should be investigated whether the protection interests of the crime of child molestation are facing specific dangers.The protection benefit of the crime of child molestation should be amended to"the normal sexual development of children".If the non-contact sexual assault on children really endangers the normal sexual development of children,it constitutes the crime of child molestation.