近代华北火柴业的经营困境、市场应对及其历史启示——以丹华公司为中心(1918-1937)

The Operational Dilemmas,Market Responses,and Historical Implications of the Modern Match Industry in Northern China:A Case Study of the Danhua Company(1918-1937)

清末民初时期华北火柴业开始起步,并在一定程度上完成了进口替代。进入1920年代,华北火柴业面临的内外环境趋于恶化,不仅国内政治不良,税负摊派较重,而且国外火柴,特别是瑞典火柴在华倾销,挤占市场。1930年代南京国民政府统税政策对于华北火柴业发展尤为不利,来自国外的压力主要是日商及其产销中的走私逃税。华北火柴通过区域联合、同业联营,参与全国火柴业联合会,划分销售区域,稳定售价,以图生存。通过对华北最大的火柴企业丹华公司的经营管理与市场应对进行考察,有助于弄清华北火柴业的经营情况,从中汲取有益于现代企业经营及行业管理的历史启示。

The match industry in Northern China began to take shape during the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China period,achieving a certain degree of import substitution.However,by the 1920s,the industry faced deteriorating internal and external conditions,including political instability,heavy taxation,and the dumping of foreign matches,particularly from Sweden,which crowded out the domestic market.In the 1930s,the unified taxation policy of the Nanjing National Government was particularly detrimental to the development of the match industry in Northern China.The main external pressure came from Japanese businessmen and their smuggling and tax evasion in production and sales.To survive,the match industry in Northern China resorted to regional alliances,industry consolidation,participation in the National Match Industry Federation,division of sales territories,and price stabilization.By examining the operational management and market responses of the Danhua Company,the largest match enterprise in Northern China,this study aims to clarify the operational landscape of the match industry in Northern China and draw historical insights beneficial to modern enterprise management and industry regulation.